Disentangling direct and indirect effects of habitat fragmentation on wild plants' pollinator visits and seed production

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amparo Lázaro ◽  
Francisco Fuster ◽  
David Alomar ◽  
Ørjan Totland
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects

Powerline easements: ecological impacts and contribution to habitat fragmentation from linear features

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tanya C. Strevens ◽  
Marji L. Puotinen ◽  
Robert J. Whelan
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Fragmentation ◽  
National Parks ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Ecological Impact ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Ecological Impacts ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Habitat Area ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Animal Populations

The ecological effects of roads on plant and animal populations are well recognized. However, very little is known about the magnitude of the effects created by powerline easements. Like roads, powerline easements are ubiquitous in many landscapes, including reserves such as National Parks, which have restricted human activities. Regular mowing of the easements to manage vegetation regrowth creates a stark discontinuity with adjacent natural vegetation. Abrupt transitions such as these contribute to habitat fragmentation and are associated with movement and dispersal inhibition of fauna. We used GIS to estimate the area of direct and indirect effects of powerline easements in a 5735 km2 area of coastal New South Wales, focusing on the potential reduction of habitat area both within and outside reserves. While the area directly replaced by these features is a small percentage of the total landscape (<1%), the upper estimates of direct and indirect effects combined amounted to a substantial portion of habitat (10 103 ha). Further, roads and powerlines combined may affect up to 33 780 ha (8%) of habitat in the study area. Although the overall ecological impact of powerline easements could be reduced by concentrating them in regions of pre-existing fragmentation, in our study area powerlines rarely occurred adjacent to paved roads. For example, in National Parks, only 3% of the habitat area affected by powerlines overlapped with that affected by roads. This study highlights the potential for powerline easements to make a significant contribution to habitat fragmentation, even in the presence of dense road networks, thus calling for greater attention to their ecological impacts and to improved management strategies.

Direct and indirect effects of dynamic social impact

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana M. Binder ◽  
Martin J. Bourgeois ◽  
Christine M. Shea Adams
Keyword(s):  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects

The Dark Side of Artificial Intelligence: Challenges for the Legal System

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem Gravett
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Indirect Effects ◽  
Current Trend ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Work Practices ◽  
Direct And Indirect Effects ◽  
Autonomous Machines ◽  
State Surveillance

The development of artificial intelligence has the potential to transform lives and work practices, raise efficiency, savings and safety levels, and provide enhanced levels of services. However, the current trend towards developing smart and autonomous machines with the capacity to be trained and make decisions independently holds not only economic advantages, but also a variety of concerns regarding their direct and indirect effects on society as a whole. This article examines some of these concerns, specifically in the areas of privacy and autonomy, state surveillance, and bias and algorithmic transparency. It concludes with an analysis of the challenges that the legal system faces in regulating the burgeoning field of artificial intelligence.

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