Microtubules provide guidance cues for myofibril and sarcomere assembly and growth

2020 ◽  
Vol 250 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nagaraju Dhanyasi ◽  
K. VijayRaghavan ◽  
Ben‐Zion Shilo ◽  
Eyal D. Schejter
Keyword(s):  
Guidance Cues ◽  
Sarcomere Assembly

scholarly journals Glycosylation in Axonal Guidance

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (10) ◽  
pp. 5143
Author(s):  
Sampada P. Mutalik ◽  
Stephanie L. Gupton
Keyword(s):  
Neuronal Development ◽  
Axonal Guidance ◽  
Axonal Outgrowth ◽  
Axonal Pathfinding ◽  
Guidance Cues ◽  
Functional Implications ◽  
Protein Functions ◽  
Guidance Receptors ◽  
Surface Localization

How millions of axons navigate accurately toward synaptic targets during development is a long-standing question. Over decades, multiple studies have enriched our understanding of axonal pathfinding with discoveries of guidance molecules and morphogens, their receptors, and downstream signalling mechanisms. Interestingly, classification of attractive and repulsive cues can be fluid, as single guidance cues can act as both. Similarly, guidance cues can be secreted, chemotactic cues or anchored, adhesive cues. How a limited set of guidance cues generate the diversity of axonal guidance responses is not completely understood. Differential expression and surface localization of receptors, as well as crosstalk and spatiotemporal patterning of guidance cues, are extensively studied mechanisms that diversify axon guidance pathways. Posttranslational modification is a common, yet understudied mechanism of diversifying protein functions. Many proteins in axonal guidance pathways are glycoproteins and how glycosylation modulates their function to regulate axonal motility and guidance is an emerging field. In this review, we discuss major classes of glycosylation and their functions in axonal pathfinding. The glycosylation of guidance cues and guidance receptors and their functional implications in axonal outgrowth and pathfinding are discussed. New insights into current challenges and future perspectives of glycosylation pathways in neuronal development are discussed.

FGF3 from the Hypothalamus Regulates the Guidance of Thalamocortical Axons

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 208-216
Author(s):  
Kuan Liu ◽  
Zhongsheng Lv ◽  
Hong Huang ◽  
Shuyang Yu ◽  
Li Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensory Information ◽  
Axonal Pathfinding ◽  
Fibroblast Growth ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Dependent Effect ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Guidance Cues ◽  
Thalamocortical Axons ◽  
Ventral Diencephalon

Thalamus is an important sensory relay station: afferent sensory information, except olfactory signals, is transmitted by thalamocortical axons (TCAs) to the cerebral cortex. The pathway choice of TCAs depends on diverse diffusible or substrate-bound guidance cues in the environment. Not only classical guidance cues (ephrins, slits, semaphorins, and netrins), morphogens, which exerts patterning effects during early embryonic development, can also help axons navigate to their targets at later development stages. Here, expression analyses reveal that morphogen Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-3 is expressed in the chick ventral diencephalon, hypothalamus, during the pathfinding of TCAs. Then, using in vitro analyses in chick explants, we identify a concentration-dependent effect of FGF3 on thalamic axons: attractant 100 ng/mL FGF3 transforms to a repellent at high concentration 500 ng/mL. Moreover, inhibition of FGF3 guidance functions indicates that FGF3 signaling is necessary for the correct navigation of thalamic axons. Together, these studies demonstrate a direct effect for the member of FGF7 subfamily, FGF3, in the axonal pathfinding of TCAs.

scholarly journals GMFβ prunes actin branches

2015 ◽  
Vol 209 (6) ◽  
pp. 776-776
Author(s):  
Ben Short
Keyword(s):  
Actin Networks ◽  
Guidance Cues

Study reveals that turnover of lamellipodial actin networks helps fibroblasts follow adhesive guidance cues.

scholarly journals Simultaneous binding of Guidance Cues NET1 and RGM blocks extracellular NEO1 signaling

Cell ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 184 (8) ◽  
pp. 2103-2120.e31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ross A. Robinson ◽  
Samuel C. Griffiths ◽  
Lieke L. van de Haar ◽  
Tomas Malinauskas ◽  
Eljo Y. van Battum ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Guidance Cues

Membrane-associated guidance cues direct the innervation of forebrain and midbrain by dorsal raphe-derived serotonergic axons

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 552-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Audrey Petit ◽  
Timothy E. Kennedy ◽  
Dominique Bagnard ◽  
Guy Doucet
Keyword(s):  
Dorsal Raphe ◽  
Guidance Cues ◽  
Dorsal Raphé

scholarly journals Axon Response to Guidance Cues Is Stimulated by Acetylcholine in Caenorhabditis elegans

Genetics ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 189 (3) ◽  
pp. 899-906 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan Xu ◽  
Xing-Cong Ren ◽  
Christopher C. Quinn ◽  
William G. Wadsworth
Keyword(s):  
Caenorhabditis Elegans ◽  
Guidance Cues

scholarly journals Correction: Still Heart Encodes a Structural HMT, SMYD1b, with Chaperone-Like Function during Fast Muscle Sarcomere Assembly

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. e0148027 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kendal Prill ◽  
Pamela Windsor Reid ◽  
Serene L. Wohlgemuth ◽  
David B. Pilgrim
Keyword(s):  
Fast Muscle ◽  
Sarcomere Assembly

Abstract 344: Finding the Achilles’ heel of Muscle Giant---TALEN-mediated Gene-editing in Zebrafish Titin

2015 ◽  
Vol 117 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu-Huan Shih ◽  
Xiaolei Xu
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Exon Skipping ◽  
Transcription Activator ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
A Domains ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Sarcomere Assembly

Background: TITIN (TTN) has more than 300 exons and encodes a gigantic protein that is crucial for heart and muscle development. Mutations in TTN caused a variety of human diseases including cardiomyopathy and muscular dystrophy. Recently, dilated cardiomyopathy-associated mutations on TTN have been found more frequently in exons encoding A-band domains but less in exons encoding the N-terminal Z-disc domains, suggesting that mutations in different exons of TTN cause distinct consequences. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we leveraged the Transcription Activator-Like Effects Nuclease (TALEN) technology in zebrafish to introduce truncating mutations in different exons of ttn, and then study their effects on heart and somites. Results: We generated truncational mutations in different exons of zebrafish titins encoding Z-disc, N2B, Novex-3, and A domains, respectively. Because zebrafish contains two titin homologues, ttna and ttnb, we introduced mutations in both genes at the corresponding loci. While both Z-disc and A band mutations on ttna disrupted sarcomere assembly in heart and somites, Z-disc or A band mutations on ttnb only affect somites without affecting the heart. Interestingly, a Z-disc mutation on ttna resulted in milder phenotypes than an A-band mutation, while a Z-disc mutation on ttnb generated severer phenotypes than an A-band mutation. No phenotype was observed in the homozygous fish in either ttna-novex-3 or ttnb-N2B mutant fish. Conclusions: A spectrum of truncational mutations in ttna and ttnb has been generated in zebrafish using the TALEN technology. Mutations in different exons result in different phenotypes. Detailed characterization of these mutants and double mutants will be presented, which shall elicit distinct contribution of alternative splicing and exon skipping as two candidate mechanisms during pathogenesis of Titinopathies.

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