Haloperidol differentially potentiates tonic immobility, the dorsal immobility response, and catalepsy in the developing rat

1984 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Merle E. Meyer ◽  
Ronald L. Smith ◽  
Carol Van Hartesveldt
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Immobility Response ◽  
Developing Rat

scholarly journals Age-Dependent Change of Tonic Immobility Response in Chicks of a Native Japanese Chicken breed, Tosa-Jidori

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eriko Nakasai ◽  
Hiroshi Tanizawa ◽  
Minani Takawaki ◽  
Kouichi Yanagita ◽  
Shin-ichi Kawakami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Chicken Breed ◽  
Immobility Response ◽  
Dependent Change ◽  
Age Dependent

Tonic immobility and the dorsal immobility response in twelve species of muroid rodents

1981 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel G. Webster ◽  
Thomas H. Lanthorn ◽  
Donald A. Dewsbury ◽  
Merle E. Meyer
Keyword(s):  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Immobility Response ◽  
Muroid Rodents

scholarly journals Effects of Acute Manganese Neurotoxicity in Young Chicks

2013 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-76
Author(s):  
Muna H. I. Al-Zubaidy ◽  
Fouad K. Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Open Field ◽  
Tonic Immobility ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Manganese Neurotoxicity ◽  
Immobility Response ◽  
Loss Of Righting Reflex ◽  
Depressant Action ◽  
Righting Reflex ◽  
Acute Neurotoxicity ◽  
Young Chicks

Manganese (Mn) is an industrial neurotoxicant in humans and animal models limited to rodent species. The present study analyses the potential neurotoxicity of acute Mn administration in young chicks. The acute (24 h) LD50 values of Mn following intraperitoneal, intramuscular, subcutaneous and oral administrations of MnCl2 in seven-day-old chicks were 21.3 mg kg-1, 28.1 mg kg-1, 28.1 mg kg-1 and 469.5 mg kg-1 body weight of Mn, respectively. Signs of Mn poisoning appeared in the chicks within 2 min and 13 min after parenteral administration and within 20 min and 32 min after oral administration. The signs demonstrated the depressant action of Mn in the chicks. The behavioural effects of Mn given at 5 mg kg-1, 10 mg kg-1 and 20 mg kg-1 intramuscularly were examined in 7 to 12 day old chicks using the three-minute open-field and tonic immobility tests. Manganese decreased the overall locomotor activity of the chicks in the open-field arena as manifested by a significant increase in the latency to move from the central square and decreases in line crossing, frequency of defecation and vocalization score when compared to control values. It also increased the duration of the chicks’ tonic immobility response. Pharmacological challenges of Mn-treated chicks with general anaesthetics xylazine-ketamine and thiopental caused the loss of right reflex at a faster rate in comparison with control values. Thiopental increased the duration of loss of righting reflex in Mn-treated chicks when compared with that of the control group. Chlorpromazine challenge of Mn-treated chicks significantly increased the depressant action of Mn in the open-field arena and increased the duration of tonic immobility response produced by the metal. The injections of Mn at 10 mg kg-1, 20 mg kg-1, 50 mg kg-1 and 100 mg kg-1 intramuscularly significantly increased the Mn levels in the plasma, liver, kidneys and entire brain of the chicks. The data suggests acute neurotoxicity of Mn chloride in the young chicks as a form of depressant action that could be determined by open-field and tonic immobility tests with further support from pharmacological challenges.

An Early Developmental Marker for Radial Glia in Rat Spinal Cord

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 36-37
Author(s):  
V. Kriho ◽  
H.-Y. Yang ◽  
C.-M. Lue ◽  
N. Lieska ◽  
G. D. Pappas
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Intermediate Filament ◽  
Radial Glia ◽  
Rat Spinal Cord ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Spinal Cord Development ◽  
Median Septum ◽  
Differentiation Marker ◽  
Early Developmental ◽  
Developing Rat

Radial glia have been classically defined as those early glial cells that radially span their thin processes from the ventricular to the pial surfaces in the developing central nervous system. These radial glia constitute a transient cell population, disappearing, for the most part, by the end of the period of neuronal migration. Traditionally, it has been difficult to definitively identify these cells because the principal criteria available were morphologic only.Using immunofluorescence microscopy, we have previously defined a phenotype for radial glia in rat spinal cord based upon the sequential expression of vimentin, glial fibrillary acidic protein and an intermediate filament-associated protein, IFAP-70/280kD. We report here the application of another intermediate filament-associated protein, IFAP-300kD, originally identified in BHK-21 cells, to the immunofluorescence study of radial glia in the developing rat spinal cord.Results showed that IFAP-300kD appeared very early in rat spinal cord development. In fact by embryonic day 13, IFAP-300kD immunoreactivity was already at its peak and was observed in most of the radial glia which span the spinal cord from the ventricular to the subpial surfaces (Fig. 1). Interestingly, from this time, IFAP-300kD immunoreactivity diminished rapidly in a dorsal to ventral manner, so that by embryonic day 16 it was detectable only in the maturing macroglial cells in the marginal zone of the spinal cord and the dorsal median septum (Fig. 2). By birth, the spinal cord was essentially immuno-negative for this IFAP. Thus, IFAP-300kD appears to be another differentiation marker available for future studies of gliogenesis, especially for the early stages of radial glia differentiation.

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