Thyroid tumors: Cytomorphology of medullary, clinically anaplastic, and miscellaneous thyroid neoplasms

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 383-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arvind Kaur ◽  
Gita Jayaram
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Neoplasms ◽  
Thyroid Tumors

scholarly journals A PCR-based expression signature of malignancy in follicular thyroid tumors

2007 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 381-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theodoros Foukakis ◽  
Arief Gusnanto ◽  
Amy YM Au ◽  
Anders Höög ◽  
Weng-Onn Lui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Gene Selection ◽  
Thyroid Neoplasms ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Large Tumor ◽  
Term Outcome ◽  
Long Term Outcome ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
High Risk Disease ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Tumors

The diagnosis of follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC) in the absence of metastasis can only be established postoperatively. Moreover, high-risk FTCs are often not identifiable at the time of diagnosis. In this study, we aimed to identify transcriptional markers of malignancy and high-risk disease in follicular thyroid tumors. The expression levels of 26 potential markers of malignancy were determined in a panel of 75 follicular thyroid tumors by a TaqMan quantitative RT-PCR approach. Logistic regression analysis (LRA) was used for gene selection and generation of diagnostic and prognostic algorithms. An algorithm based on the expression levels of five genes (TERT, TFF3, PPARγ, CITED1, and EGR2) could effectively predict high-risk disease with a specificity of 98.5%. The metastatic potential could be predicted in all four cases with apparently benign or minimally invasive (MI) disease at the time of diagnosis, but poor long-term outcome. In addition, a second model was produced by implementing two genes (TERT and TFF3), which was able to distinguish adenomas from de facto carcinomas. When this model was tested in an independent series of atypical adenomas (AFTA) and MI-FTCs, 16 out of 17 AFTAs were classified as ‘benign’, while MI-FTCs with vascular invasion (sometimes referred to as ‘moderately invasive’) and/or large tumor size tended to classify in the ‘malignant’ group. The reported models can be the foundation for the development of reliable preoperative diagnostic and prognostic tests that can guide the therapeutic approach of follicular thyroid neoplasms with indeterminate cytology.

scholarly journals Absence of Activating Mutations of the Genes Encoding theα -Subunits of G11 and Gq in Thyroid Neoplasia1

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 554-559
Author(s):  
Matthew D. Ringel ◽  
Motoyasu Saji ◽  
William F. Schwindinger ◽  
Dorry Segev ◽  
Martha A. Zeiger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Thyroid Neoplasms ◽  
Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Thyroid Cells ◽  
Α Subunit ◽  
Activating Mutations ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Gradient Gel Electrophoresis

Activating mutations of the TSH receptor and α-subunit of Gs (Gαs) that increase adenylyl cyclase activity have been identified in a subset of hyperfunctioning benign thyroid follicular adenomas and, less commonly, in hypofunctioning adenomas and carcinomas. In addition, some thyroid tumors exhibit inappropriate activation of phospholipase C (PLC), a signaling pathway that has been implicated in the growth and dedifferentiation of thyroid cells. We therefore hypothesized that some thyroid tumors might be caused by somatic mutations in the genes encoding the α-chain of Gq or G11 that result in constitutive activation of the PLC pathway. We amplified regions of theα q and α11 genes that encode amino acids, Q209 and R183, and we screened the DNA for mutations by sequence analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. No mutations were identified after analysis of DNA from 38 thyroid tumors and 2 poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma cell lines, including: 13 follicular adenomas, 10 follicular carcinomas, 5 papillary carcinomas, and 10 hyperplastic nodules from multinodular goiters. We conclude that activating mutations of αq and α11 are absent or rare in hypofunctioning thyroid neoplasms and that other mechanisms must explain the elevated PLC activity reported in thyroid carcinoma.

scholarly journals Late bone metastasis from an apparently benign oncocytic follicular thyroid tumor

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Boronat ◽  
Juan J Cabrera ◽  
Carmen Perera ◽  
Concepción Isla ◽  
Francisco J Nóvoa
Keyword(s):  
Bone Biopsy ◽  
Follicular Adenoma ◽  
Thyroid Neoplasms ◽  
Thyroid Tumor ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Pathology Report ◽  
List Type ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Serum Thyroglobulin ◽  
Focal Uptake

Summary A man underwent total thyroidectomy for goiter when he was 62 years old. The pathology report informed on a 5.5 cm oncocytic follicular adenoma and a 3.5 mm papillary microcarcinoma. Due to the papillary tumor, he was treated with ablative radioiodine therapy and suppressive doses of levothyroxine. After uneventful follow-up for 9 years, increased levels of serum thyroglobulin were detected. Further imaging studies including a whole body scan (WBS) after an empirical dose of 200 mCi 131I were negative. Two years later, a 99mTc SestaMIBI WBS and a 2-[18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron-emission tomography showed a well-delimited focal uptake in the right femur. A bone biopsy of the lesion demonstrated metastasis of follicular thyroid carcinoma. Retrospective histological reexamination of available material from the primary oncocytic thyroid tumor failed to reveal definitive traits of malignancy. Learning points Oncocytic follicular thyroid tumors are a relatively uncommon variant of follicular thyroid neoplasms mostly composed of distinctive large oxyphilic cells (Hürthle cells). Criteria for the distinction between benign and malignant oncocytic neoplasms are not different from those used in the diagnosis of ordinary follicular tumors. Some cases of apparently benign oncocytic neoplasms have been found to develop malignant behavior. Search to rule out vascular and capsular invasion should be particularly exhaustive in histological assessment of oncocytic thyroid tumors. Even so, long-term surveillance remains appropriate for patients with large apparently benign oncocytic tumors.

scholarly journals DETECTION OF AUTOANTIBODIES RECOGNIZING CANCERRETINA ANTIGEN RECOVERIN IN BLOOD OF PATIENTS WITH NON-INVASIVE FOLLICULAR THYROID NEOPLASMS WITH PAPILLARY-LIKE NUCLEAR FEATURES (NIFTP)

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-788
Author(s):  
P. V. Belousov ◽  
Ya. I. Bobrovskaya ◽  
A. V. Bogolyubova ◽  
A. Yu. Sazykin ◽  
Yu. V. Shebzukhov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Thyroid Neoplasms ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Cancer Associated Retinopathy ◽  
Dot Elisa ◽  
Nuclear Features

Autoantibodies recognizing the cancer-retina autoantigen called recoverin (RCVRN-AutoAb) may serve as a highly specific biomarker of cancer-associated retinopathy. However, they may also be found in some cancer patients without clinical evidence of retinopathy. In the present study, dot-ELISA and Western blot assays were used to demonstrate the presence of circulating RCVRN-AutoAb in 4/7 (57%) of patients with recently recognized pathological entity, non-invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP); other thyroid tumors represented by follicular adenomas, and classical and follicular variants of papillary thyroid carcinomas, demonstrated low frequencies of RCVRN-AutoAb (0/15, 1/20 (5%) and 1/15 (7%), respectively), with no significant differences from healthy individuals (0/15). Our data implicate the circulating RCVRN-AutoAb as a potential biomarker of NIFTP capable of discrimination of this novel pathological entity from other thyroid tumors.

scholarly journals Serum Immunoproteomics Combined With Pathological Reassessment of Surgical Specimens Identifies TCP-1ζ Autoantibody as a Potential Biomarker in Thyroid Neoplasia

2015 ◽  
Vol 100 (9) ◽  
pp. E1206-E1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel V. Belousov ◽  
Apollinariya V. Bogolyubova ◽  
Yan S. Kim ◽  
Alexander Y. Abrosimov ◽  
Arthur T. Kopylov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Neoplasms ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Capsular Invasion ◽  
T Complex ◽  
Diagnostic Potential ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Potential Biomarker ◽  
Sample Set ◽  
Malignant Thyroid Neoplasms

Context: Current methods of preoperative diagnostics frequently fail to discriminate between benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. In encapsulated follicular-patterned tumors (EnFPT), this discrimination is challenging even using histopathological analysis. Autoantibody response against tumor-associated antigens is a well-documented phenomenon with prominent diagnostic potential; however, autoantigenicity of thyroid tumors remains poorly explored. Objectives: Objectives were exploration of tumor-associated antigen repertoire of thyroid tumors and identification of candidate autoantibody biomarkers capable of discrimination between benign and malignant thyroid neoplasms. Design, Setting, and Patients: Proteins isolated from FTC-133 cells were subjected to two-dimensional Western blotting using pooled serum samples of patients originally diagnosed with either papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) or EnFPT represented by apparently benign follicular thyroid adenomas, as well as healthy individuals. Immunoreactive proteins were identified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass-spectrometry. Pathological reassessment of EnFPT was performed applying nonconservative criteria for capsular invasion and significance of focal PTC nuclear changes (PTC-NCs). Recombinant T-complex protein 1 subunitζ (TCP-1ζ) was used to examine an expanded serum sample set of patients with various thyroid neoplasms (n = 89) for TCP-1ζ autoantibodies. All patients were included in tertiary referral centers. Results: A protein demonstrating a distinct pattern of EnFPT-specific seroreactivity was identified as TCP-1ζ protein. A subsequent search for clinicopathological correlates of TCP-1ζ seroreactivity revealed nonclassical capsular invasion or focal PTC-NC in all TCP-1ζ antibody-positive cases. Further studies in an expanded sample set confirmed the specificity of TCP-1ζ autoantibodies to malignant EnFPT. Conclusions: We identified TCP-1ζ autoantibodies as a potential biomarker for presurgical discrimination between benign and malignant encapsulated follicular-patterned thyroid tumors. Our results suggest the use of nonconservative morphological criteria for diagnosis of malignant EnFPT in biomarker identification studies and provide a peculiar example of uncovering the diagnostic potential of a candidate biomarker using incorporation of pathological reassessment in the pipeline of immunoproteomic research.

Application of Immunohistochemistry to Thyroid Neoplasms

2008 ◽  
Vol 132 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Fischer ◽  
Sylvia L. Asa
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Nodules ◽  
Thyroid Neoplasms ◽  
Accurate Diagnosis ◽  
Follicular Neoplasm ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
National Library ◽  
Uncertain Malignant Potential ◽  
Metastatic Lesions ◽  
Follicular Tumor

AbstractContext.—Thyroid lesions with nodular architecture and follicular pattern of growth often pose difficulties in accurate diagnosis during the assessment of cytologic and histologic specimens. The diagnosis of follicular neoplasm on cytology or of follicular tumor of uncertain malignant potential on histology is likely to cause confusion among clinicians and delay effective management of these lesions. Occasionally, thyroid tumors represent unusual or metastatic lesions and their accurate diagnosis requires immunohistochemical confirmation.Objective.—To review the literature on the applications of immunohistochemistry in the differential diagnosis of thyroid tumors.Data Sources.—Relevant articles indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) between 1976 and 2006.Conclusions.—Our review supports the use of ancillary techniques involving a panel of antibodies suitable for immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis in the assessment of thyroid nodules. These tools can improve diagnostic accuracy when combined with standard morphologic criteria.

Thyroid Neoplasms in a Colony of Beagle Dogs

1989 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 438-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. J. Haley ◽  
F. F. Hahn ◽  
B. A. Muggenburg ◽  
W. C. Griffith
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Thyroid Neoplasms ◽  
Thyroid Tumor ◽  
Benign Tumors ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Tumor Bearing ◽  
Clinical Diagnoses ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Epidemiologic Features

The histologic, clinicopathologic, and epidemiologic features of spontaneous thyroid neoplasms were evaluated in a control population of Beagle dogs. The mean age of thyroid tumor-bearing dogs (16.2 years) as significantly higher than non-tumor-bearing dogs (13.6 years). Thirteen benign and 18 malignant tumors were identified, with the incidence of both tumors increasing rapidly near the mean age of 16.2 years for tumorbearing dogs. The age-specific incidence of tumors was 1.1% per year at 8 to 12 years, increasing to 4.0% per year by 12 to 15 years and 67% over 17 years of age. Numbers of malignant tumors were greater than benign tumors at an earlier age. Approximately 44% of the malignant tumors metastasized but only 22% resulted in death of the dog. There was no difference in tumor incidence when compared according to sex, if total tumor numbers were considered or if tumors were separated into benign and malignant categories. The age at death of tumor-bearing dogs was not increased significantly by the surgical resection of the thyroid tumors. Of dogs with thyroid tumors, 15% had clinical diagnoses of hypothyroidism, and no dogs with thyroid tumors had diagnoses of hyperthyroidism.

scholarly journals Somatic mutation testing: the role in differential diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-41
Author(s):  
Vera A. Kachko ◽  
Andrew R. Zaretsky ◽  
Vladimir E. Vanushko ◽  
Nadezhda M. Platonova ◽  
Aleksandr Yu. Abrosimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Blood Plasma ◽  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Hot Spots ◽  
Thyroid Neoplasms ◽  
Mutation Testing ◽  
Thyroid Tumors ◽  
Braf Gene ◽  
Cytological Examination ◽  
Gene Exon

Background: In the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid tumors the cytological examination of the material of fine needle aspiration biopsy is the gold standard and serves as the basis for planning of treatment strategy. However, in 10–30% of cases, it cannot be clearly established by cytology whether the nature of thyroid neoplasm benign or malignant, which leads to the inability to choose the optimal treatment strategy in advance. For such cases, it is extremely important to search for methods of clarifying differential diagnosis, among which mutation testing is currently considered the most promising. Aims: To evaluate the possibility of using mutation tests for clarifying differential diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms at the preoperative stage. Materials and methods: We performed the prospective single center study, which included patients with the thyroid neoplasms, who had been treated in the Endocrinology Research Center, Moscow, Russia from 2012 to 2014. Samples of histological material, cytological material and blood plasma of these patients were tested for the presence of somatic mutations in hot spots of the genes BRAF, KRAS, NRAS, TERT, and EIF1AX. Results: The study included 75 patients, 29 of them with low-risk papillary thyroid cancer, 29 with follicular neoplasm NA of the thyroid gland and 17 with colloid nodular goiter. Mutations in the “hot spots” of the BRAF gene (exon 15, codon area 600–601) were found in 29 patients, mutations in the “hot spots” of the NRAS gene (exon 3, codon 61) – in 8 patients; mutations in the hot spots of the KRAS, TERT and EIF1AX genes were not detected. Correlation of the results of mutational testing of cytological and histological material was 91.7%. Mutations of tumor origin in circulating blood plasma DNA were found in only 1 cases. The prognostic value of the positive result (PPV) of the mutation test on cytological material in relation to the malignant nature of the thyroid tumor was 100% for the BRAF gene and 0% for the NRAS gene. Conclusions: The mutation test in the “hot spots” of the BRAF gene on cytological material can be used as an additional marker to clarify the nature of thyroid tumors, when the result of cytological examination are uncertain. Either in similar situations for mutation tests in the “hot spots” of genes KRAS, NRAS, EIF1AX and TERT on cytological material, or mutation testing of circulating DNA of blood plasma can’t be used as an additional marker.

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