Use of SYTO 13, a fluorescent dye binding nucleic acids, for the detection of microparticles in in vitro systems

Background: Current gene therapy vectors such as viral, non-viral, and bacterial vectors, which are used for cancer treatment, but there are certain safety concerns and stability issues of these conventional vectors. Exosomes are the vesicles of size 40-100 nm secreted from multivesicular bodies into the extracellular environment by most of the cell types in-vivo and in-vitro. As a natural nanocarrier, exosomes are immunologically inert, biocompatible, and can cross biological barriers like the blood-brain barrier, intestinal barrier, and placental barrier. Objective: This review focusses on the role of exosome as a carrier to efficiently deliver a gene for cancer treatment and diagnosis. The methods for loading of nucleic acids onto the exosomes, advantages of exosomes as a smart intercellular shuttle for gene delivery and therapeutic applications as a gene delivery vector for siRNA, miRNA and Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) and also the limitations of exosomes as a gene carrier are all reviewed in this article. Methods: Mostly, electroporation and chemical transfection are used to prepare gene loaded exosomes. Results: Exosome-mediated delivery is highly promising and advantageous in comparison to the current delivery methods for systemic gene therapy. Targeted exosomes, loaded with therapeutic nucleic acids, can efficiently promote the reduction of tumor proliferation without any adverse effects. Conclusion: In the near future, exosomes can become an efficient gene carrier for delivery and a biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

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Transcription of 4′-thioDNA templates to natural RNA in vitro and in mammalian cells

Chemical Communications ◽

10.1039/c4cc08862j ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 51 (37) ◽

pp. 7887-7890 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Hideto Maruyama ◽

Kazuhiro Furukawa ◽

Hiroyuki Kamiya ◽

Noriaki Minakawa ◽

Akira Matsuda

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acids ◽

Mammalian Cells ◽

Genetic Material ◽

Rna Polymerases ◽

Chemically Modified ◽

Biological Studies ◽

Modified Nucleic Acids

Synthetic chemically modified nucleic acids, which are compatible with DNA/RNA polymerases, have great potential as a genetic material for synthetic biological studies.

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Effect of cordycepin on the incorporation of P32-orthophosphate into the nucleic acids of ascites tumor cells in, vitro

Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications ◽

10.1016/0006-291x(61)90031-6 ◽

1961 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 156-159 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Hans Klenow

Keyword(s):

Nucleic Acids ◽

Tumor Cells ◽

Ascites Tumor

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Academic collaborative models fostering the translation of physiological in vitro systems from basic research into drug discovery

Drug Discovery Today ◽

10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.024 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alessandra Silvestri ◽

Francisca Vicente ◽

María J. Vicent ◽

Bahne Stechmann ◽

Wolfgang Fecke

Keyword(s):

Drug Discovery ◽

Basic Research ◽

Collaborative Models ◽

In Vitro Systems

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Human Oligodendrocytes and Myelin In Vitro to Evaluate Developmental Neurotoxicity

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22157929 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (15) ◽

pp. 7929

Author(s):

Megan Chesnut ◽

Thomas Hartung ◽

Helena Hogberg ◽

David Pamies

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

In Vitro Models ◽

Environmental Chemicals ◽

Developmental Neurotoxicity ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Regulatory Guidelines ◽

In Vitro Systems ◽

Human Oligodendrocytes

Neurodevelopment is uniquely sensitive to toxic insults and there are concerns that environmental chemicals are contributing to widespread subclinical developmental neurotoxicity (DNT). Increased DNT evaluation is needed due to the lack of such information for most chemicals in common use, but in vivo studies recommended in regulatory guidelines are not practical for the large-scale screening of potential DNT chemicals. It is widely acknowledged that developmental neurotoxicity is a consequence of disruptions to basic processes in neurodevelopment and that testing strategies using human cell-based in vitro systems that mimic these processes could aid in prioritizing chemicals with DNT potential. Myelination is a fundamental process in neurodevelopment that should be included in a DNT testing strategy, but there are very few in vitro models of myelination. Thus, there is a need to establish an in vitro myelination assay for DNT. Here, we summarize the routes of myelin toxicity and the known models to study this particular endpoint.

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