Fluoride bioavailability after intravenous and oral administration: Importance of renal clearance and urine flow

1978 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 329-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Ekstrand ◽  
Mats Ehrnebo ◽  
Lars O. Boréus
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration

scholarly journals Pharmacokinetics and renal clearance of oxytetracycline in piglets following intravenous and oral administration

1986 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 274-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Mevius ◽  
L. Vellenga ◽  
H. J. Breukink ◽  
J. F. M. Nouws ◽  
T. B. Vree ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration

Pharmacokinetics, renal clearance and metabolism of ciprofloxacin following intravenous and oral administration to calves and pigs

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 156-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. M. Nouws ◽  
D. J. Mevius ◽  
T. B. Vree ◽  
A. M. Baars ◽  
J. Laurensen
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration

scholarly journals Effects of Diabetes Mellitus Induced by Alloxan on the Pharmacokinetics of Metformin in Rats: Restoration of Pharmacokinetic Parameters to the Control State by Insulin Treatment

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myung G. Lee ◽  
Young H Choi ◽  
Inchul Lee
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Protein Expression ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Insulin Treatment ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Parameters ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Altered Pharmacokinetic ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration ◽  
Control State

To test the effect of insulin treatment on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in rats with diabetes mellitus induced by alloxan (DMIA rats). The following results were reported from other studies. Metformin was metabolized via hepatic CYP2C11, 2D1, and 3A1/2 in rats. In DMIA rats, the protein expression and mRNA levels of hepatic CYP2C11 and 3A1/2 decreased and increased, respectively. In rat model of diabetes mellitus induced by streptozotocin, the protein expression of hepatic CYP2D1 was not changed. The increase in hepatic CYP1A2, 2B1, and 2E1, and decrease in hepatic CYP2C11 in DMIA rats was returned to the controls by insulin treatment. METHODS. Metformin (100 mg/kg) was administered intravenously and orally to the control rats, DMIA rats, and DMIA rats with insulin treatment for 3 weeks (DMIA rats with insulin). RESULTS. After intravenous administration of metformin to the DMIA rats, the CLR and CLNR of the drug were significantly slower than the controls. After oral administration of metformin to the DMIA rats, the AUC of the drug was also significantly greater than the controls. After intravenous administration of metformin to the DMIA rats with insulin, the significantly slower CLNR of the drug in the DMIA rats was returned to the controls. The altered pharmacokinetic indices observed following intravenous and oral administration of metformin to DMIA rats returned to the control values in the DMIA rats with insulin. CONCLUSIONS. The significantly slower CLNR of metformin in the DMIA rats could be due to the decrease in hepatic CYP2C11 than the controls. The comparable CLNR of metformin between the DMIA rats with insulin and the control rats could be due to restoration of hepatic CYP enzyme changes in DMIA rats to the controls.

Studies on the carbohydrate metabolism of sheep. XVI. Partition of ketone bodies in blood, tissues, and urine

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
RL Reid
Keyword(s):  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Blood Level ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Hydroxybutyric Acid ◽  
Acetoacetic Acid ◽  
Tissue Concentrations ◽  
Blood Concentrations

Acetone comprised 0–40% (average 18%) of the acetoacetic acid plus acetone fraction in sheep blood, in which the level of this fraction was 0.6–5.2 mg % (as acetone). Acetoacetic acid was largely converted to acetone during storage of blood at –20°C, with intermittent thawing for analysis. Concentrations of acetoacetic acid in red cells were similar to those in plasma, but those of ß-hydroxybutyric acid were considerably lower. In contrast to acetoacetic acid, ß-hydroxybutyric acid was virtually absent from foetal blood and from brain tissue. Concentrations of both ketone fractions in liver and muscle tissue were about one-half the blood concentrations. The renal clearance of acetoacetic acid plus acetone in hyperketonaemic pregnant ewes was independent of blood level up to 20 mg % and was little affected by rate of urine flow. Clearance values were in the range of 4–9 ml per min, which indicates that most of the acetoacetic acid filtered at the glomeruli is absorbed by the renal tubules. Renal clearance of ß-hydroxybutyric acid was dependent on blood level and was more affected by rate of urine flow than that of acetoacetic acid. Very little ß-hydroxybutyric acid appeared in the urine when blood levels were below 15 mg %. Clearance increased as blood concentration rose above this level, and reached maximum values, mostly of 3–5 ml per min, at blood levels exceeding 30 mg %.

Phenylbutazone blood and urine concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and effects on biomarkers of inflammation in horses following intravenous and oral administration of clinical doses

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 792-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heather K. Knych ◽  
Rick M. Arthur ◽  
Dan S. McKemie ◽  
Kelsey Seminoff ◽  
Briana Hamamoto‐Hardman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oral Administration ◽  
Urine Concentrations ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration

scholarly journals Towards Further Verification of Physiologically-Based Kidney Models: Predictability of the Effects of Urine-Flow and Urine-pH on Renal Clearance

2018 ◽  
Vol 368 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takanobu Matsuzaki ◽  
Daniel Scotcher ◽  
Adam S. Darwich ◽  
Aleksandra Galetin ◽  
Amin Rostami-Hodjegan
Keyword(s):  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Urine Flow ◽  
Urine Ph ◽  
Physiologically Based

scholarly journals WOMAN-PharmacoTXA trial: Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial to assess the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of intramuscular, intravenous and oral administration of tranexamic acid in women giving birth by caesarean section

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 157
Author(s):  
Monica Arribas ◽  
Ian Roberts ◽  
Rizwana Chaudhri ◽  
Amber Geer ◽  
Danielle Prowse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Oral Administration ◽  
Tranexamic Acid ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Umbilical Cord ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Oral Solution ◽  
Adult Women ◽  
Intravenous And Oral Administration

Background: Intravenous tranexamic acid (TXA) within 3 hours of birth significantly reduces death due to bleeding in women with postpartum haemorrhage (PPH). Most PPH deaths occur in the first hours after giving birth and treatment delay decreases survival.  One barrier to rapid TXA treatment is the need for intravenous injection. Intramuscular injection and oral solution of TXA would be easier and faster to administer and would require less training. However, the pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics and safety of TXA administered by different routes in pregnant women have not been established. The main aim of this study is to ascertain whether IM and oral solution of TXA will be absorbed at levels sufficient to inhibit fibrinolysis in pregnant women. Methods: WOMAN-PharmacoTXA is a prospective, randomised, open label trial to be conducted in Zambia and Pakistan.  Adult women undergoing caesarean section with at least one risk factor for PPH will be included.  Women will be randomised to receive one of the following about 1 hour prior to caesarean section: 1-gram TXA IV, 1-gram TXA IM, 4-grams TXA oral solution or no TXA. Randomisation will continue until 120 participants with at least six post randomisation PK samples are included. TXA concentration in maternal blood samples will be measured at baseline and at different time points during 24 hours after receipt of intervention. Blood TXA concentration will be measured from the umbilical cord and neonate. The primary endpoint is maternal blood TXA concentrations over time. Secondary outcomes include umbilical cord and neonate TXA concentration D-dimer concentration, blood loss and clinical diagnosis of PPH, injection site reactions and maternal and neonate adverse events. Discussion: The WOMAN-PharmacoTXA trial will provide important data on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of TXA after IV, intramuscular and oral administration in women giving birth by caesarean section. Trial registration: ClincalTrials.gov, NCT04274335 (18/02/2020).

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