Changes in Symptom Severity, Schemas and Modes in Heterogeneous Psychiatric Patient Groups Following Short-term Schema Cognitive-Behavioural Group Therapy: A Naturalistic Pre-treatment and Post-treatment Design in an Outpatient Clinic

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. van Vreeswijk ◽  
P. Spinhoven ◽  
E. H. M. Eurelings-Bontekoe ◽  
J. Broersen
Keyword(s):  
Group Therapy ◽  
Psychiatric Patient ◽  
Outpatient Clinic ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Patient Groups ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Treatment Design

scholarly journals The Contribution of Cognitive Impulsivity to Criminal Risk

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Rebecca K. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Impulse Control ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Trait Anger ◽  
Special Treatment ◽  
Treatment Programme ◽  
Treatment Change ◽  
Anger Control ◽  
Treatment Unit ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Pre Treatment

<p>Impulsivity increases risk for general, violent and sexual offending. Accordingly, helping offenders to become better regulators of their impulses is one goal of offender rehabilitation. In a correctional setting, the assessment of impulsivity focuses on personality and behaviour, but not cognition; cognitive impulse control impairments are inferred from personality styles and behavioural patterns suggestive of acting before thinking. However, empirical findings challenge the validity of inferring cognition from personality and behavioural measures. Additionally, without assessing cognition, practitioners are limited in their ability to isolate which cognitive processes are most impaired and therefore worthy of intervention for individual offenders.  To establish the contribution of cognitive impulse control to criminal risk, a theoretically derived, empirically supported neurocognitive assessment framework was adopted. The framework is based on the notion that impulsive behaviour arises from three, potentially dissociable skill domains that support impulse control: decisionmaking, perceptual and motor impulse control. A cohort of 77 men attending intensive cognitive-behavioural rehabilitation was recruited from four of New Zealand’s prison-based Special Treatment Unit Rehabilitation Programmes (STURPs). A neurocognitive battery of five tasks collectively representing each cognitive impulse control domain was administered before and after the 8-month treatment programme.  Study One explored pre-treatment clinically impaired performance within and across each cognitive impulse control domain. Compared to normative data, performance was typically in the average to below average range, but it was not clinically impaired overall. When performance was clinically impaired, it was most pronounced on tasks requiring cognitive flexibility.  Study Two explored treatment change in cognitive impulse control. The study also compared pre-treatment cognitive impulse control between offenders who went on to complete the treatment programme and those who were prematurely removed for responsivity or conduct-related issues. No pre-treatment cognitive impulse control differences were found between treatment completers and non-completers. Treatment completers displayed small pre-post treatment improvements in some areas of cognitive impulse control, but not others.  Study Three explored cross-sectional and predictive relationships between cognitive impulse control, dynamic criminal risk, trait anger and anger control. Although there was little association between these variables before treatment, some cognitive impulse control outcomes predicted post-treatment dynamic criminal risk, trait anger and anger control. Thus, the evidence suggested that certain aspects of cognitive impulse control might function as facilitators of treatment change.  Together, the findings highlighted the importance of evaluating cognitive impulse control as part of the risk assessment, and clinical formulation process. The findings also suggested that interventions designed to develop cognitive impulse control abilities either before, or as a complement to traditional cognitive-behavioural interventions, have the potential to maximise treatment response.</p>

scholarly journals Direct-acting Antivirals in Kidney Transplant Patients: Successful Hepatitis C Treatment and Short Term Reduction in Urinary Protein/Creatinine Ratios

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 366 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael R. Goetsch ◽  
Ashutosh Tamhane ◽  
Mohit Varshney ◽  
Anuj Kapil ◽  
Edgar T. Overton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Kidney Graft ◽  
Direct Acting Antivirals ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Kidney Transplant Patients ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Direct Acting

Introduction: The role of Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) clearance in long-term kidney graft survival is unknown. In this study, we examined short-term trends of urinary protein/creatinine (P/C) ratios in a cohort of HCV-infected kidney transplant recipients with stable graft function and treated with direct-acting antivirals (DAAs).Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of 19 kidney transplant patients with chronic HCV infection treated with DAAs at the University of Alabama at Birmingham 1917 Viral Hepatitis Clinic between January 2013 and June 2016. Markers of glomerular damage were assessed using average protein/creatinine (P/C) ratios measured pre- and post-treatment. We also described treatment efficacy using sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post-HCV treatment (SVR12).Results: The median age of the 19 patients included was 59 years (Q1=58, Q3=64) at completion of treatment. Of these patients, 68% were African American, 32% were White and 63% were male. The median time between kidney transplant and initiation of DAA therapy was 2.25 years (Q1=0.79, Q3=3.79). Post-treatment P/C ratios (median=0.127, Q1=0.090, Q3=0.220) were significantly lower (p=0.01) than pre-treatment ratios (median=0.168, Q1=0.118, Q3=0.385). P/C ratios decreased in 14 of 19 patients (74%) with median change of -0.072 (median percent change= -40%). Post-treatment eGFRs (median=58.9, Q1=48.9, Q3=72.3) were not significantly different (p=0.82) than the pre-treatment values (median=57.0, Q1=48.8, Q3=67.8).Conclusions: In this preliminary study, there was a statistically significant decrease in P/C ratios associated with HCV clearance, suggesting a potential role for DAAs in improving kidney graft survival. Larger cohort studies will be needed to assess the clinical and long-term benefits of DAAs in this special population of HCV infected patients. 

The Role of Self-Esteem in Depression: A Longitudinal Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 244-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Hilbert ◽  
Stephan Goerigk ◽  
Frank Padberg ◽  
Annekatrin Nadjiri ◽  
Aline Übleis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Group Therapy ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Vulnerability Model ◽  
Naturalistic Setting ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Linear Decline

Background: Based on the vulnerability model, several studies indicate that low self-esteem seems to contribute to depressive symptoms. Aims: The aim of this study was to treat depressive symptoms in a cognitive behavioural group therapy, focusing on the enhancement of self-esteem, and to explore co-variation in depressive symptoms and the level of self-esteem. Method: The Multidimensional Self-esteem Scale (MSWS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) were administered to 147 psychiatric in-patients with current depressive symptoms due to an affective disorder (major depression, bipolar I, dysthymia). Self-esteem was measured pre-treatment (t0) and post-treatment (t4, after 5 weeks of eight group sessions); the BDI was applied weekly. A linear mixed growth analysis was conducted to estimate the change in depressive symptoms including interactions with self-esteem. Results: Within the 5 weeks of group therapy, depressive symptoms showed a linear decline, which was stronger for patients with higher gains in self-esteem between t0 and t4. Self-esteem at t0 was unrelated to the change in depression but predicted self-esteem at t4. Conclusions: Treating depressive symptoms in a cognitive behavioural group therapy in a naturalistic setting might have a positive effect on the process of recovery. Moreover, depressive symptoms and level of self-esteem seemed to co-vary.

Individualized Cognitive Behavioural Treatment of Chronic Pain

1986 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 210-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beverly E. Thorn ◽  
David A. Williams ◽  
Patrick R. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
Outcome Measures ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Relaxation Techniques ◽  
Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Treatment Assessment ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Pre Treatment

Cognitive behavioural treatment for chronic pain was individually tailored based on pre-treatment assessment of the subjective pain experience of each patient. Eight chronic pain patients completed the individualized treatment program which consisted of relaxation techniques, hypnotic deepening strategies, a relabeling hierarchy based upon pain descriptors, positive self-statements, didactic information, and cognitive-restructuring techniques. Patients self-monitored their pain during a two week pre-treatment baseline period, during the eight weeks of treatment and for one week post-treatment. Additional treatment outcome measures were also taken. Compared to baseline data, patients reported positive changes on many of the treatment outcome criteria, including McGill Pain Questionnaire indices, reduction in the number of hours spent in pain, and follow-up questionnaire responses. Treatment outcome measures collected at one week, six months, and 15 months post-treatment all suggested positive treatment gains. The greatest gains were reported at the six month post-treatment assessment suggesting a generalization or practice component to the therapy. Additionally, patients with constant pain were found more refractory to treatment than patients with intermittent pain.

scholarly journals A HOLISTIC GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPEUTIC INTERVENTION FOR THE TREATMENT OF IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME AND ITS COMORBID DEPRESSION AND ANXIETY

2002 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. M. Bush ◽  
H. G. Pretorius ◽  
A. D. Stuart
Keyword(s):  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Group Therapy ◽  
Symptom Severity ◽  
Group Intervention ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Depression And Anxiety ◽  
Comorbid Depression ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Irritable Bowel

The aim of this study was to ascertain the effects of a holistic short-term group intervention in the treatment of Irritable Bowel Syndrome (/BS) with comorbid depression and anxiety. The sample consisted of 24 South African women who had been diagnosed with severe IBS. Furthermore, each participant had to have associated moderate to severe depression and anxiety. The group design was a pre-test, post-test control group design where the experimental group (n = 12) received group intervention and the members of the control group (n = 12) received no intervention until after completion of the research. All the participants completed the Functional Bowel Disorder Severity Index and the Depression and Anxiety subscales of the Personality Assessment Inventory before commencement of group therapy for Group 1 and one month after completion of this intervention. The effect of the intervention was determined by utilising comparative statistics. The findings indicate that holistic short-term group therapy results in significant improvement in terms of depreSSion and anxiety scores, but that IBS symptom severity remains unchanged. It is recommended that further research be conducted to ascertain whether holistic group therapy of a longer duration has a greater impact on the IBS symptom severity.

scholarly journals Effect of intravitreal bevacizumab for retinopathy of prematurity on weight gain

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0261095
Author(s):  
Shumpei Obata ◽  
Yusuke Ichiyama ◽  
Riko Matsumoto ◽  
Masashi Kakinoki ◽  
Yoshitsugu Saishin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinopathy Of Prematurity ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Intravitreal Bevacizumab ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Matched Case ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Matched Case Control Study ◽  
Control Study

Purpose To evaluate the short-term effect on body weight (BW) gain after intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) for retinopathy of prematurity (ROP). Methods This was a retrospective 1:1 matched case-control study. Infants with ROP treated by IVB or photocoagulation (PC) at Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital between April 2010 and December 2019 were included in the study. To match BWs at treatment between the IVB and PC groups, 1:1 matching for BWs at treatment within 100 g was performed. The BW gains for the 7 days before treatment (pre-treatment week), the 7 days after treatment (first post-treatment week), and the period from 7 to 14 days after treatment (second post-treatment week) were compared between the IVB and PC groups. Results Following 1:1 matching, 13 infants in both groups were enrolled in the analysis. The weekly BW gain for the first post-treatment week was significantly lower in the IVB group compared with the PC group (86 g vs. 145 g; P = 0.046), whereas the weekly BW gains for the pre-treatment week (173 g vs. 159 g; P = 0.71) and the second post-treatment week (154 g vs. 152 g; P = 0.73) were comparable between the two groups. The short-term inhibitive effect of IVB on BW gain was particularly observed in infants weighing less than 1500 g at treatment (<1500 g: 47 g vs. ≥1500 g: 132 g; P = 0.03). Conclusion IVB could have a short-term inhibitive effect on BW gain in infants with ROP, and this effect is more likely to occur in infants with a lower BW at the time of treatment.

The Schizophrenic as Soothsayer

1976 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 635-642
Author(s):  
Arthur L. Sterne ◽  
Paul J. Martin ◽  
Joseph E. Moore ◽  
Ruth M. McNairy
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admission ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
Response To Treatment ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Outcome Relationship ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Pre Treatment

It is generally believed that patients' prognostic expectancies are linked to the outcome of treatment. It is also generally believed that the nature of the expectancy-outcome relationship is causative: patients' expectancies are viewed as causing or facilirating patients' responses to treatment. The study reported here tested both notions. The expectancies of hospitalized schizophrenic patients were tested by multiple regression for association with objective measures of the patients' pre- and post-treatment adjustment. Expectancy measures were closely correlated with patients' pre-treatment adjustment at hospital admission, were moderately correlated with patients' post-treatment adjustment at discharge, and were almost completely independent of post-treatment adjustment at 9-mo. follow-up. It is speculated that patients may base their prognostic expectancies partly on their pre-treatment adjustment, that patients' expectancies are associated with short-term measures of outcome, and that patients' expectancies predict but do not primarily cause or facilitate a therapeutic response to treatment for hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Finally, limitations of the findings and their generalizability are discussed.

Cognitive-Behavioural Group Therapy for Hong Kong Chinese Adults with Mental Health Problems

1991 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 524-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siu-Luen Luk ◽  
Cecilia S.F. Kwan ◽  
Jenny M.C. Hui ◽  
John Bacon-Shone ◽  
Adolf K. T. Tsang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Group Therapy ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Moderate Degree ◽  
Cognitive Behavioural ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Group Workers ◽  
Consistent Treatment

Ninety-one Chinese in the community, aged between 18 and 45, with mental health problems ranging from mild to moderate degree, were treated by cognitive behavioural group therapy (CBGT) for a period of 3 months. All subjects were assessed on multiple measures at 4 time points: screening, pre-treatment (after 3 months), post-treatment and at 3-month follow-up. Attendance was good. A standard practice manual was developed to ensure consistent treatment by 2 group workers. After controlling for the placebo effect in the waiting period, treatment effect was demonstrated which was sustained after a three month period. The all-round improvement included a decrease in psychiatric symptoms, improvement in self-assessment, better and more social activities and being more able to cope with problems. In terms of psychiatric diagnosis, depressed subjects gained the most benefit and personality disorder subjects the least. Parents seemed to benefit more than non-parents.

scholarly journals Assertiveness Training and Exposure In Vivo for Agoraphobics

1985 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 132-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Geoffrey L. Thorpe ◽  
Eric G. Freedman ◽  
Joel D. Lazar
Keyword(s):  
Post Treatment ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Exposure Treatment ◽  
Assertiveness Training ◽  
Specific Effects ◽  
Exposure In Vivo ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Term Benefit

The effectiveness of brief treatment via assertiveness training and exposure in vivo was evaluated in a crossover study of eight agoraphobics. Exposure treatment brought short-term benefit as assessed by phobia questionnaires and a depression inventory, but assertiveness training did not. Conversely, assertiveness training produced short-term improvements as measured by an assertiveness inventory, while exposure treatment did not. Both treatments were relevant to the problems of our client sample, but they had specific effects on measures closely related to each treatment's target, consistent with the results of a similar recent study by Emmelkamp et al. (1983). At six-month follow-up assessment, phobia questionnaire scores were unchanged from post-treatment assessment, but assertion scores had reverted to pre-treatment levels. In addition, five untreated agoraphobics completed phobia questionnaires on two occasions, six months apart. In a quasi-experiment, their scores on the two occasions were compared with treated clients' pre- and post-treatment scores. Treated clients showed significantly greater improvement, demonstrating the sensitivity of the questionnaires to treatment effects.

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