Cell death of motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord. II. A quantitative and qualitative analysis of degenerationin the ventral root, including evidence for axon outgrowth and limb innervation prior to cell death

1978 ◽  
Vol 177 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
I-Wu Chu-Wang ◽  
Ronald W. Oppenheim
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Ventral Root ◽  
Axon Outgrowth ◽  
Limb Innervation

Truncated wild-type SOD1 and FALS-linked mutant SOD1 cause neural cell death in the chick embryo spinal cord

2006 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 194-205 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghanashyam D. Ghadge ◽  
Lijun Wang ◽  
Kamal Sharma ◽  
Anna Liza Monti ◽  
Vytas Bindokas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Neural Cell ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Mutant Sod1

Developmental Reorganization of the Output of a GABAergic Interneuronal Circuit

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (4) ◽  
pp. 2769-2779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaying Xu ◽  
Arthur Clement ◽  
Terrence Michael Wright ◽  
Peter Wenner
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Chick Embryo ◽  
Synaptic Input ◽  
Ventral Root ◽  
Network Activity ◽  
Inhibitory Interneurons ◽  
Optical Studies ◽  
Adjacent Segments ◽  
Whole Cell Recordings ◽  
Stimulation Of

Locally projecting inhibitory interneurons play a crucial role in the patterning and timing of network activity. However, because of their relative inaccessibility, little is known about their development or incorporation into circuits. In this report we demonstrate that the GABAergic R-interneuron circuit undergoes a reorganization in the chick embryo spinal cord between embryonic days 8 and 15 (E8 and E15). R-interneurons receive synaptic input from and project back to motoneurons. By stimulating motoneurons projecting in one ventral root and recording the disynaptic response from motoneurons in adjacent segments, we show that the output of the R-interneuron circuit is reorganized during development. After stimulation of the LS2 ventral root, disynaptic responses observed in whole cell recordings became more common and stronger for LS3 motoneurons and less common for the more distant LS4 motoneurons from E8 to E10. Optical studies demonstrated that R-interneurons activated by LS2 stimulation were restricted to the LS2 segment and had a small glutamatergic component at both E8 and E10, but that more R-interneurons were activated within the segment by E10. The recruitment of more LS2 R-interneurons at E10 is likely to contribute to stronger projections to LS3 motoneurons, but the fact that fewer LS4 motoneurons receive this input is more consistent with a functional refinement of the more distant projection of the GABAergic R-interneuron. Interestingly, this pattern of reorganization was not observed throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the cord, introducing the possibility that refinement could serve to remove connections between functionally unrelated interneurons and motoneurons.

Cell death of motoneurons in the chick embryo spinal cord. VII. The survival of brachial motoneurons in dystrophic chickens

1982 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 112-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald W. Oppenheim ◽  
Lisa L. Rose ◽  
Bradford T. Stokes
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Chick Embryo
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