The localization, in the nucleus ambiguus of the rabbit, of the cells of origin of motor nerve fibers in the glossopharyngeal nerve and various branches of the vagus nerve by means of retrograde degeneration

1966 ◽  
Vol 127 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-305 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Lawn
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Glossopharyngeal Nerve ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Retrograde Degeneration ◽  
Cells Of Origin

Localization of Adductor and Abductor Motor Nerve Fibers to the Larynx

1977 ◽  
Vol 86 (6) ◽  
pp. 770-776 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Gacek ◽  
Leslie T. Malmgren ◽  
Michael J. Lyon
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Functional Results ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Axoplasmic Flow ◽  
Anterograde Degeneration ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Brain

Knowledge of the location of motor nerve fibers to the adductor and abductor muscles of the larynx may be useful in the diagnosis and treatment of innervation disorders in this organ. Anterograde degeneration and retrograde tracer anatomical techniques have demonstrated the central and peripheral positions of these two groups of motor nerve fibers in the cat. Traditional nerve fiber degeneration methods applied following intracranial transection of the vagus nerve rootlets indicated that: 1) Most of the fibers in the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) are motor; 2) Almost all of these motor fibers leave the brain stem in the most rostral rootlet(s) of the vagus nerve; and 3) Motor fibers to the larynx form a discrete bundle within the trunk of the vagus nerve before forming the RLN. A tracer (horseradish peroxidase) of retrograde axoplasmic flow in motor neurons has been employed to demonstrate: 1) Dorsoventral division of the adductor and abductor neurons in the nucleus ambiguus; and 2) Diffuse arrangement of both adductor and abductor nerve fibers in the vagus nerve but collection of these fibers into abductor and adductor halves of the RLN prior to entering the larynx. These findings dispel theories of differential cord paralysis (Semon's law) based on a vulnerable position of abductor fibers at the periphery of the RLN. Furthermore, the diffuse arrangement of these fiber groups explains the usually mixed functional results obtained following reimplantation of the RLN into a laryngeal muscle.

scholarly journals In vivo visualization of pig vagus nerve ‘vagotopy’ using ultrasound

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan L. Settell ◽  
Maisha Kasole ◽  
Aaron C. Skubal ◽  
Bruce E. Knudsen ◽  
Evan N. Nicolai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Neck Muscle ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Ultrasound Images ◽  
Anatomical Landmarks ◽  
Novel Approach

AbstractBackgroundPlacement of the clinical vagus nerve stimulating cuff is a standard surgical procedure based on anatomical landmarks, with limited patient specificity in terms of fascicular organization or vagal anatomy. As such, the therapeutic effects are generally limited by unwanted side effects of neck muscle contractions, demonstrated by previous studies to result from stimulation of 1) motor fibers near the cuff in the superior laryngeal and 2) motor fibers within the cuff projecting to the recurrent laryngeal.ObjectiveThe use of patient-specific visualization of vagus nerve fascicular organization could better inform clinical cuff placement and improve clinical outcomes.MethodsThe viability of ultrasound, with the transducer in the surgical pocket, to visualize vagus nerve fascicular organization (i.e. vagotopy) was characterized in a pig model. Ultrasound images were matched to post-mortem histology to confirm the utility of ultrasound in identifying fascicular organization.ResultsHigh-resolution ultrasound accurately depicted the vagotopy of the pig vagus nerve intra-operatively, as confirmed via histology. The stereotypical pseudo-unipolar cell body aggregation at the nodose ganglion was identifiable, and these sensory afferent fascicular bundles were traced down the length of the vagus nerve. Additionally, the superior and recurrent laryngeal nerves were identified via ultrasound.ConclusionsIntraoperative visualization of vagotopy and surrounding nerves using ultrasound is a novel approach to optimize stimulating cuff placement, avoid unwanted activation of motor nerve fibers implicated in off-target effects, and seed patient-specific models of vagal fiber activation to improve patient outcomes.

scholarly journals Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels Mediating Conduction in Vagal Motor Fibers Innervating the Esophageal Striated Muscle

2021 ◽  
pp. S471-S478
Author(s):  
N PAVELKOVA ◽  
M BROZMANOVA ◽  
M JAYANTA PATIL ◽  
M KOLLARIK
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Sodium Channels ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Motor Nucleus ◽  
Efferent Nerve ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
Voltage Gated Sodium Channels

The vagal motor fibers innervating the esophageal striated muscle are essential for esophageal motility including swallowing and vomiting. However, it is unknown which subtypes of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaV1s) regulate action potential conduction in these efferent nerve fibers. The information on the NaV1s subtypes is necessary for understanding their potential side effects on upper gut, as novel inhibitors of NaV1s are developed for treatment of pain. We used isolated superfused (35 °C) vagally-innervated mouse esophagus striated muscle preparation (mucosa removed) to measure isometric contractions of circular striated muscle evoked by electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve. NaV1 inhibitors were applied to the de-sheathed segment of the vagus nerve. Tetrodotoxin (TTX) applied to the vagus nerve completely abolished electrically evoked contractions. The selective NaV1.7 inhibitor PF-05089771 alone partially inhibited contractions and caused a >3-fold rightward shift in the TTX concentration-inhibition curve. The NaV1.1, NaV1.2 and NaV1.3 group inhibitor ICA-121431 failed to inhibit contractions, or to alter TTX concentration-inhibition curves in the absence or in the presence of PF-05089771. RT-PCR indicated lack of NaV1.4 expression in nucleus ambiguus and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve, which contain motor and preganglionic neurons projecting to the esophagus. We conclude that the action potential conduction in the vagal motor fibers to the esophageal striated muscle in the mouse is mediated by TTX-sensitive voltage gated sodium channels including NaV1.7 and most probably NaV1.6. The role of NaV1.6 is supported by ruling out other TTX-sensitive NaV1s (NaV1.1-1.4) in the NaV1.7-independent conduction.

Fiber Components of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve in the Cat

1976 ◽  
Vol 85 (4) ◽  
pp. 460-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard R. Gacek ◽  
Michael J. Lyon
Keyword(s):  
Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Cranial Nerves ◽  
Superior Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Laryngeal Nerve ◽  
Nucleus Ambiguus ◽  
Fiber Components ◽  
Sensory Fibers

Experimental neuroanatomical methods were employed in 21 adult cats to determine 1) the number and size of myelinated motor and sensory fibers in the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN), and 2) the fiber components originating in the nucleus ambiguus (NA) and retrofacial nucleus (RFN) of the brain stem. Intracranial transection of the X and XI cranial nerves and selective destruction of the NA or RFN were the experimental lesions inflicted in order to obtain the following results. About 55% (312) of the right RLN (565 fibers) is composed of myelinated motor nerve fibers which measure 4 μ − 9 μ in diameter. Nine percent come from the RFN and are smaller (4–6 μ) than the 46% which emanate from the NA and measure 6–9 μ in diameter. The remaining 45% of the RLN is made up of sensory neurons which can be divided into three groups. 1)The largest numerical group (32%) is very small in caliber (1–3 μ) and supplies extralaryngeal regions (trachea, esophagus). 2) The intermediate size fiber group (4–9 μ) comprises 11% of the RLN and probably supplies the subglottic mucosa. 3) The smallest group (2%) of sensory fibers is the largest in diameter (10–15 μ) and may represent either the innervation of muscle spindles or afferents from the superior laryngeal nerve coursing down into the chest.

scholarly journals Sources of Off-Target Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation Using the Helical Clinical Lead in Domestic Pigs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evan N. Nicolai ◽  
Megan L. Settell ◽  
Bruce E. Knudsen ◽  
Andrea L. McConico ◽  
Brian A. Gosink ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Vagus Nerve Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Target Effects

AbstractClinical data suggest that efficacious vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is limited by side effects such as cough and dyspnea that have stimulation thresholds lower than those for therapeutic outcomes. VNS side effects are putatively caused by activation of nearby muscles within the neck, via direct muscle activation or activation of nerve fibers innervating those muscles. Our goal was to determine the thresholds at which various VNS-evoked effects occur in the domestic pig—an animal model with vagus anatomy similar to human—using the bipolar helical lead deployed clinically. Intrafascicular electrodes were placed within the vagus nerve to record electroneurographic (ENG) responses, and needle electrodes were placed in the vagal-innervated neck muscles to record electromyographic (EMG) responses. Contraction of the cricoarytenoid muscle occurred at low amplitudes (∼0.3 mA) and resulted from activation of motor nerve fibers in the cervical vagus trunk within the electrode cuff which bifurcate into the recurrent laryngeal branch of the vagus. At higher amplitudes (∼1.4 mA), contraction of the cricoarytenoid and cricothyroid muscles was generated by current leakage outside the cuff to activate motor nerve fibers running within the nearby superior laryngeal branch of the vagus. Activation of these muscles generated artifacts in the ENG recordings that may be mistaken for compound action potentials representing slowly conducting Aδ-, B-, and C-fibers. Our data resolve conflicting reports of the stimulation amplitudes required for C-fiber activation in large animal studies (>10 mA) and human studies (<250 µA). After removing muscle-generated artifacts, ENG signals with post-stimulus latencies consistent with Aδ- and B-fibers occurred in only a small subset of animals, and these signals had similar thresholds to those that caused bradycardia. By identifying specific neuroanatomical pathways that cause off-target effects and characterizing the stimulation dose-response curves for on- and off-target effects, we hope to guide interpretation and optimization of clinical VNS.

scholarly journals Selective stimulation of the ferret abdominal vagus nerve with multi-contact nerve cuff electrodes

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan A. Shulgach ◽  
Dylan W. Beam ◽  
Ameya C. Nanivadekar ◽  
Derek M. Miller ◽  
Stephanie Fulton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Selective Stimulation ◽  
Nerve Cuff ◽  
Cuff Electrodes ◽  
Nerve Cuff Electrodes ◽  
Stimulation Of

AbstractDysfunction and diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are a major driver of medical care. The vagus nerve innervates and controls multiple organs of the GI tract and vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) could provide a means for affecting GI function and treating disease. However, the vagus nerve also innervates many other organs throughout the body, and off-target effects of VNS could cause major side effects such as changes in blood pressure. In this study, we aimed to achieve selective stimulation of populations of vagal afferents using a multi-contact cuff electrode wrapped around the abdominal trunks of the vagus nerve. Four-contact nerve cuff electrodes were implanted around the dorsal (N = 3) or ventral (N = 3) abdominal vagus nerve in six ferrets, and the response to stimulation was measured via a 32-channel microelectrode array (MEA) inserted into the left or right nodose ganglion. Selectivity was characterized by the ability to evoke responses in MEA channels through one bipolar pair of cuff contacts but not through the other bipolar pair. We demonstrated that it was possible to selectively activate subpopulations of vagal neurons using abdominal VNS. Additionally, we quantified the conduction velocity of evoked responses to determine what types of nerve fibers (i.e., Aδ vs. C) responded to stimulation. We also quantified the spatial organization of evoked responses in the nodose MEA to determine if there is somatotopic organization of the neurons in that ganglion. Finally, we demonstrated in a separate set of three ferrets that stimulation of the abdominal vagus via a four-contact cuff could selectively alter gastric myoelectric activity, suggesting that abdominal VNS can potentially be used to control GI function.

Effects of IDPN-induced axonal swellings on conduction in motor nerve fibers

1985 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elis F. Stanley ◽  
John W. Griffin ◽  
Kenneth E. Fahnestock
Keyword(s):  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Axonal Swellings

Endings of the vagus nerve fibers in the mammalian heart

1927 ◽  
Vol 23 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 622-623
Author(s):  
B. I. Lavrent'ev
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Vagus Nerves ◽  
Mammalian Heart ◽  
Cardiac Ganglia ◽  
Important Study ◽  
Spiral Fibers

In 1893, Prof. V.V. Nikolaev, having cut vagus nerves of a frog, saw under a microscope degeneration of so-called spiral fibers and pericellular apparatuses on nerve cells of intracardiac nodes. Later these observations were thoroughly verified by Prof. D.V. Polumordvinov and fully confirmed by him. I had a chance to look through amazing by technique preparations of the late Prof. Polumordvinov, obtained by methylene blue method, on which decay of pericellular apparatuses in cardiac ganglia of a frog was absolutely clearly visible. D. V-ch, who died untimely in 1919, unfortunately, did not have time to publish in detail his important study; the manuscript and drawings of his work also remained undiscovered.

ATP concentrations and muscle tension increase linearly with muscle contraction

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 577-583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianhua Li ◽  
Nicholas C. King ◽  
Lawrence I. Sinoway
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Contraction ◽  
Motor Nerve ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Ventral Root ◽  
Ventral Roots ◽  
Root Stimulation ◽  
Stimulation Of

Previous studies have suggested that activation of ATP-sensitive P2X receptors in skeletal muscle play a role in mediating the exercise pressor reflex (Li J and Sinoway LI. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 283: H2636–H2643, 2002). To determine the role ATP plays in this reflex, it is necessary to examine whether muscle interstitial ATP (ATPi) concentrations rise with muscle contraction. Accordingly, in this study, muscle contraction was evoked by electrical stimulation of the L7 and S1 ventral roots of the spinal cord in 12 decerebrate cats. Muscle ATPi was collected from microdialysis probes inserted in the muscle. ATP concentrations were determined by the HPLC method. Electrical stimulation of the ventral roots at 3 and 5 Hz increased mean arterial pressure by 13 ± 2 and 16 ± 3 mmHg ( P < 0.05), respectively, and it increased ATP concentration in contracting muscle by 150% ( P < 0.05) and 200% ( P < 0.05), respectively. ATP measured in the opposite control limb did not rise with ventral root stimulation. Section of the L7 and S1 dorsal roots did not affect the ATPi seen with 5-Hz ventral root stimulation. Finally, ventral roots stimulation sufficient to drive motor nerve fibers did not increase ATP in previously paralyzed cats. Thus ATPi is not largely released from sympathetic or motor nerves and does not require an intact afferent reflex pathway. We conclude that ATPi is due to the release of ATP from contracting skeletal muscle cells.

Barbiturates depress vagal motor pathway to ferret trachea at ganglia

1982 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 253-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. E. Skoogh ◽  
M. J. Holtzman ◽  
J. R. Sheller ◽  
J. A. Nadel
Keyword(s):  
Neuromuscular Junction ◽  
Vagus Nerve ◽  
Muscle Tension ◽  
Postsynaptic Membrane ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Motor Pathway ◽  
Parasympathetic Ganglia ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Nerve Muscle

To determine which site in the vagal motor pathway to airway smooth muscle is most sensitive to depression by barbiturates, we recorded isometric muscle tension in vitro and stimulated the vagal motor pathway at four different sites before and after exposure to barbiturates. In isolated tracheal rings from ferrets, we stimulated muscarinic receptors in the neuromuscular junction by exogenous acetylcholine, postganglionic nerve fibers by electrical fluid stimulation, and the postsynaptic membrane in ganglia by 1,1-dimethyl-4-phenylpiperazinium iodide (DMPP). We also developed a tracheal nerve-muscle preparation to stimulate preganglionic fibers in the vagus nerve electrically. Activation of ganglia by DMPP or by vagus nerve stimulation was depressed by barbiturates at 10-fold lower concentrations than those depressing the activation of postganglionic nerves or the neuromuscular junction. These findings suggest that the postsynaptic membrane in parasympathetic ganglia is the site in the vagal motor pathway most sensitive to depression by barbiturates.

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