The relative vascularity of subcortical ganglia of the cat's brain; the putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, and geniculate bodies

1939 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 427-436 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heloise Beekman Hough ◽  
Harold G. Wolff
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Red Nucleus

scholarly journals Susceptibility-weighted MR imaging (SWI) of basal ganglia iron deposition in the early and advanced stages of Parkinson's disease

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-36
Author(s):  
A. G. Trufanov ◽  
A. A. Yurin ◽  
A. B. Buriak ◽  
S. A. Sandalov ◽  
M. M. Odinak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Red Nucleus ◽  
Regions Of Interest ◽  
Iron Deposition ◽  
Left Caudate

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease and the first one among the nosological entities of parkinsonism. Susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pulse sequence, which allows the in vivo estimation of the values of iron deposition in different areas of the brain, is a potential technique for the early diagnosis of PD and for the study of the pathogenesis of its complications.Objective: to compare the values of iron deposition in the basal ganglia in Stages II and III PD and to determine the relationship of clinical findings to the level of iron deposition according to the SWI findings.Patients and methods. Twenty-four patients with Hoehn and Yahr Stages II (n=24) and III (n=12) PD were examined. All the patients underwent brain MRI on a Siemens TrioTim (3T) MRI scanner by using pulse sequences T1, T2, SWI and subsequently quantifying the iron deposition (SPIN software). The accumulation of iron is visualized as an area of reduced signal intensity on SWI, and its estimation in accordance with the SPIN program has accordingly a smaller value. The regions of interest on both sides were the dentate nucleus, substantia nigra, red nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and head of the caudate nucleus. The examination protocol also included tests using the following scales: the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Frontal Assessment Batter (FAB), Freezing of Gait (FOG), Gait and Balance Scale (GABS), the Epworth Daytime Sleepiness Scale, the Parkinson's Disease Quality of Life Questionnaire (PDQ), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Clock-Drawing Test.Results and discussion. The investigators found significant (p<0.05) correlations between the clinical picture and the level of iron deposition in the regions of interest in patients with Stage II PD: FOG – left caudate nucleus (r=-0.94); GABS – left caudate nucleus (r=-0.94); and in patients with stage III of the disease: UPDRS (full) – left red nucleus (r=-0.82), right globus pallidus (r=-0,80), left putamen (r=-0,96); UPDRS (Section 2) – left red nucleus (r=-0.77), left globus pallidus (r=-0.84); UPDRS (Section 3) – right putamen (r=-0,85), right globus pallidus (r=-0.78), left globus pallidus (r=-0,92); FOG – left globus pallidus (r=-0.81); GABS – left red nucleus (r=-0.96), left putamen (r=0.82), right putamen (r=-0.89), left globus pallidus (r=-0.82), right globus pallidus (r=-0.85), left caudate nucleus (r=-0.82), right caudate nucleus (r=-0.89); Beck Depression Inventory – right substantia nigra (r=-0.82).Conclusion. SWI measurement of the values of iron deposition in the structures of the extrapyramidal system in PD provides an additional insight into the pathological processes occurring in them.

The Spatz Test for Iron in the Brain

1924 ◽  
Vol 70 (291) ◽  
pp. 577-578 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Dudgeon
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Red Nucleus ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Grey Colour

Considerable interest has been shown of late in the occurrence of iron in the brain and its relation to certain nervous diseases. The existence of the iron can be demonstrated by placing a section of brain in concentrated ammonium hydrosulphide solution. After a few seconds the globus pallidus and the substantia nigra become a greenish-grey colour. Later, the red nucleus, the corpus dentatus cerebelli, the putamen and caudate nucleus also darken.

Cholinergic innervation of the human striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and red nucleus

1992 ◽  
Vol 323 (2) ◽  
pp. 252-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.-Marsel Mesulam ◽  
Deborah Mash ◽  
Louis Hersh ◽  
Mark Bothwell ◽  
Changiz Geula
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Red Nucleus ◽  
Cholinergic Innervation

Subthalamo-Pallidal Circuit

2017 ◽  
pp. 143-150
Author(s):  
Charles J. Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Basal Ganglia ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Subthalamic Nucleus ◽  
Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata ◽  
Modern Methods

The subthalamo-pallidal system constitutes the second layer of circuitry in the basal ganglia, downstream of the striatum. It consists of four nuclei. Two of them, the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) and subthalamic nucleus (STN), make their connections primarily within the basal ganglia. The others, the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr), are the output nuclei of the basal ganglia. Collectively, their axons distribute collaterals to all the targets of the basal ganglia. Rare interneurons have been reported in each of them from studies of Golgi-stained preparations, but they have not so far been confirmed using more modern methods. The circuit as described here is based primarily on studies of the axonal arborizations of neurons stained individually by intracellular or juxtacellular labeling.

scholarly journals Altered functional connectivity of the red nucleus and substantia nigra in migraine without aura

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaobin Huang ◽  
Di Zhang ◽  
Yuchen Chen ◽  
Peng Wang ◽  
Cunnan Mao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Connectivity ◽  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Migraine Without Aura ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Red Nucleus ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Postcentral Gyrus ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background Functional connectivity (FC) has been used to investigate the pathophysiology of migraine. Accumulating evidence is pointing toward malfunctioning of brainstem structures, i.e., the red nucleus (RN) and substantia nigra (SN), as an important factor in migraine without aura (MwoA). We aimed to identify atypical FC between the RN and SN and other brain areas in patients with MwoA and to explore the association between RN and SN connectivity changes and performance on neuropsychological tests in these patients. Methods Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were obtained from 30 patients with MwoA and 22 age-, sex-, and years of education-matched healthy controls (HC). The FC of the brainstem structures was analyzed using a standard seed-based whole-brain correlation method. The results of the brainstem structure FC were assessed for correlations with other clinical features. Results Patients with MwoA exhibited reduced left RN-based FC with the left middle frontal gyrus, reduced right RN-based FC with the ipsilateral superior parietal lobe, and increased FC with the ipsilateral cerebellum. Additionally, patients with MwoA demonstrated significantly decreased right SN-based FC with the right postcentral gyrus, left parietal lobule, and left superior frontal gyrus. Hypo-connectivity between the right SN and right postcentral gyrus was negatively correlated with disease duration (r = − 0.506, P = 0.004). Additionally, increased connectivity of the right RN to the ipsilateral cerebellar lobes was positively correlated with the Headache Impact Test-6 scores (r = 0.437, P = 0.016). Conclusions The present study suggested that patients with MwoA have disruption in their RN and SN resting-state networks, which are associated with specific clinical characteristics. The changes focus on the regions associated with cognitive evaluation, multisensory integration, and modulation of perception and pain, which may be associated with migraine production, feedback, and development. Taken together, these results may improve our understanding of the neuropathological mechanism of migraine.

Glycine receptors in the striatum, globus pallidus, and substantia nigra of the human brain: An immunohistochemical study

2007 ◽  
Vol 502 (6) ◽  
pp. 1012-1029 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry J. Waldvogel ◽  
Kristin Baer ◽  
Kathryn L. Allen ◽  
Mark I. Rees ◽  
Richard L.M. Faull
Keyword(s):  
Substantia Nigra ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
Globus Pallidus ◽  
Immunohistochemical Study ◽  
Glycine Receptors
Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document