Innervation of the chorioid plexuses and the blood vessels within the central nervous system

1934 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam L. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Netrin-1 in Glioblastoma Neovascularization: The New Partner in Crime?

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 8248
Author(s):  
Ximena Vásquez ◽  
Pilar Sánchez-Gómez ◽  
Verónica Palma
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Tumor Cell ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Primary Tumor ◽  
Tumor Vasculature ◽  
Form Part ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most aggressive and common primary tumor of the central nervous system. It is characterized by having an infiltrating growth and by the presence of an excessive and aberrant vasculature. Some of the mechanisms that promote this neovascularization are angiogenesis and the transdifferentiation of tumor cells into endothelial cells or pericytes. In all these processes, the release of extracellular microvesicles by tumor cells plays an important role. Tumor cell-derived extracellular microvesicles contain pro-angiogenic molecules such as VEGF, which promote the formation of blood vessels and the recruitment of pericytes that reinforce these structures. The present study summarizes and discusses recent data from different investigations suggesting that Netrin-1, a highly versatile protein recently postulated as a non-canonical angiogenic ligand, could participate in the promotion of neovascularization processes in GBM. The relevance of determining the angiogenic signaling pathways associated with the interaction of Netrin-1 with its receptors is posed. Furthermore, we speculate that this molecule could form part of the microvesicles that favor abnormal tumor vasculature. Based on the studies presented, this review proposes Netrin-1 as a novel biomarker for GBM progression and vascularization.

scholarly journals The Contribution of Microglia to the Development and Maturation of the Visual System

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Dixon ◽  
Ursula Greferath ◽  
Erica L. Fletcher ◽  
Andrew I. Jobling
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Visual System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Neural Signals ◽  
Quiescent Cells ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Vascular Plexuses

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), were once considered quiescent cells that sat in readiness for reacting to disease and injury. Over the last decade, however, it has become clear that microglia play essential roles in maintaining the normal nervous system. The retina is an easily accessible part of the central nervous system and therefore much has been learned about the function of microglia from studies in the retina and visual system. Anatomically, microglia have processes that contact all synapses within the retina, as well as blood vessels in the major vascular plexuses. Microglia contribute to development of the visual system by contributing to neurogenesis, maturation of cone photoreceptors, as well as refining synaptic contacts. They can respond to neural signals and in turn release a range of cytokines and neurotrophic factors that have downstream consequences on neural function. Moreover, in light of their extensive contact with blood vessels, they are also essential for regulation of vascular development and integrity. This review article summarizes what we have learned about the role of microglia in maintaining the normal visual system and how this has helped in understanding their role in the central nervous system more broadly.

p-Toluenesulphonic Acid as a Fixative

1962 ◽  
Vol s3-103 (62) ◽  
pp. 163-171
Author(s):  
MIGNON MALM
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Saline Solution ◽  
Histological Techniques ◽  
Step Procedure ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Test Objects ◽  
Cellular Shrinkage

p-toluenesulphonic acid in aqueous solution is introduced to histologists and recommended for fixation of the central nervous system by a three-step procedure: flushing the blood-vessels with a saline solution, filling the vessels with the fixative, and delaying the autopsy. With rats and guinea-pigs as test objects, a solution of at least 0.5 M gave excellent results, as evidenced by the minimum of cellular shrinkage, the absence of perivascular and perineuronal spaces, and the clarity of cellular membranes and basiphil material. The neurones, neuroglia, microglia, and blood-vessels were well defined when stained by conventional histological techniques. Cytological details became more prominent because the tissue had shrunk less than in routine preparations. The acid is non-volatile, colourless, pleasant to handle, and low in price.

scholarly journals Size-selective loosening of the blood-brain barrier in claudin-5–deficient mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 161 (3) ◽  
pp. 653-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takehiro Nitta ◽  
Masaki Hata ◽  
Shimpei Gotoh ◽  
Yoshiteru Seo ◽  
Hiroyuki Sasaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Endothelial Cells ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Deficient Mice

Tight junctions are well-developed between adjacent endothelial cells of blood vessels in the central nervous system, and play a central role in establishing the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Claudin-5 is a major cell adhesion molecule of tight junctions in brain endothelial cells. To examine its possible involvement in the BBB, claudin-5–deficient mice were generated. In the brains of these mice, the development and morphology of blood vessels were not altered, showing no bleeding or edema. However, tracer experiments and magnetic resonance imaging revealed that in these mice, the BBB against small molecules (<800 D), but not larger molecules, was selectively affected. This unexpected finding (i.e., the size-selective loosening of the BBB) not only provides new insight into the basic molecular physiology of BBB but also opens a new way to deliver potential drugs across the BBB into the central nervous system.

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