Macaque Monkey Trigeminal Blink Reflex Circuits Targeting Orbicularis Oculi Motoneurons

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. May ◽  
Susan Warren
Keyword(s):  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi

Nociceptive Quality of the Laser-Evoked Blink Reflex in Humans

2002 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 1386-1394 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Romaniello ◽  
J. Valls-Solé ◽  
G. D. Iannetti ◽  
A. Truini ◽  
M. Manfredi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Laser Pulses ◽  
Radiant Heat ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Medullary Reticular Formation ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Supraorbital Nerve ◽  
Recovery Curves ◽  
Interstimulus Intervals ◽  
Stimulation Of

Laser radiant-heat pulses selectively excite the free nerve endings in the superficial layers of the skin and activate mechano-thermal nociceptive afferents; when directed to the perioral or supraorbital skin, high-intensity laser pulses evoke a blink-like response in the orbicularis oculi muscle (the laser blink reflex, LBR). We investigated the functional properties (startle or nociceptive origin) of the LBR and sought to characterize its central pathways. Using high-intensity CO2-laser stimulation of the perioral or supraorbital regions and electromyographic (EMG) recordings from the orbicularis oculi muscles, we did five experiments in 20 healthy volunteers. First, to investigate whether the LBR is a startle response, we studied its habituation to expected rhythmic stimuli and to unexpected arrhythmic stimuli. To assess its possible nociceptive quality, we studied changes in the LBR and the R2 component of the electrical blink reflex after a lidocaine-induced supraorbital nerve block and after intramuscular injection of the opiate fentanyl and the opiate-antagonist naloxone. To characterize the central pathways for the LBR, we investigated the interaction between the LBR and the three components of the blink reflex (R1, R2, and R3) by delivering laser pulses to the perioral or supraorbital regions before or after electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve at various interstimulus intervals. Finally, to gain further information on the central LBR pathways, using two identical CO2-laser stimulators, we studied the LBR recovery curves with paired laser pulses delivered to adjacent forehead points at interstimulus intervals from 250 ms to 1.5 s. The LBR withstood relatively high-frequency rhythmic stimulations, and unexpected laser pulses failed to evoke larger responses. When lidocaine began to induce hypoalgesia (about 5 min after the injection), the LBR was abolished, whereas R2 was only partly suppressed 10 min after the injection. Fentanyl injection induced strong, naloxone-reversible, LBR suppression (the response decreased to 25.3% of predrug values at 10 min and to 4% at 20 min), whereas R2 remained appreciably unchanged. Whether directed to the perioral or supraorbital regions, preceding laser pulses strongly suppressed R2 and R3 though not R1. Conversely, preceding electrical stimuli to the supraorbital nerve suppressed the LBR. In response to paired stimuli, the LBR recovered significantly faster than R2. These findings indicate that the LBR is a nociceptive reflex, which shares part of the interneuron chain mediating the nonnociceptive R2 blink reflex, probably in the medullary reticular formation. The LBR may prove useful for studying the pathophysiology of orofacial pain syndromes.

Distribution of premotor neurons for orbicularis oculi motoneurons in the cat, with particular reference to possible pathways for blink reflex

1984 ◽  
Vol 50 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiko Takada ◽  
Kazuo Itoh ◽  
Yukihiko Yasui ◽  
Akira Mitani ◽  
Sakashi Nomura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Premotor Neurons

scholarly journals M. Orbicularis Oculi Reflex and Blink Reflex of Meige Syndrome

1988 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-121
Author(s):  
Yuki Miyaoka ◽  
Tsuneji Shintani ◽  
Kanji Mase ◽  
Muneki Sakakura ◽  
Koujiro Yasunaga
Keyword(s):  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Meige Syndrome ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi Reflex

scholarly journals Blink reflex: comparison of latency measurements in different human races

2002 ◽  
Vol 60 (3A) ◽  
pp. 563-565 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paulo Andre Teixeira Kimaid ◽  
Luiz Antonio Lima Resende ◽  
Heloisa Amélia de Lima Castro ◽  
Fausto Bérzin ◽  
Amilton Antunes Barreira
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Electric Stimulation ◽  
Blink Reflex ◽  
Racial Groups ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle ◽  
Orbicularis Oculi ◽  
Supraorbital Nerve ◽  
Male Volunteers ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Stimulation Of

The blink reflex latencies and cephalometric indexes were analysed in 30 male volunteers from three different races, 10 white, 10 black, and 10 Oriental. Ages ranged from 15 to 59 years, height from 1,60 to 1,80 m, and weight from 60 to 80 kg. Blink reflexes were obtained after unilateral electric stimulation of the supraorbital nerve for quantitative analysis of 3 responses, early ipsilateral (R1), late ipsilateral (R2i) and late contralateral (R2c), obtained from the orbicularis oculi muscle. Cephalometric indexes were calculated by multiplying the ratio between the longer transverse and the longer sagital head diameters by 100. The R1, R2i and R2c latencies were consistent with other published papers revealing no differences between the different racial groups. The mean of the cephalometric indexes of each group were consistent with respective racial characteristics. This study revealed that there are no differences between R1, R2i and R2c latencies in the 3 different studied races.

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