scholarly journals Novel insights into the glia limitans of the olfactory nervous system

2019 ◽  
Vol 527 (7) ◽  
pp. 1228-1244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn Nazareth ◽  
Mo Chen ◽  
Todd Shelper ◽  
Megha Shah ◽  
Johana Tello Velasquez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glia Limitans

scholarly journals Iba1+ Microglia Exhibit Morphological Differences between Inferior Colliculus Sub-Regions and Their Abutments onto GAD67+ Somata Reveal Two Novel Sub-types of GABAergic Neuron

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel David Webb ◽  
Llwyd David Orton
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Central Nucleus ◽  
Significant Heterogeneity ◽  
Dorsal Cortex ◽  
Lateral Cortex ◽  
Glia Limitans ◽  
Morphological Differences ◽  
Inferior Colliculi ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMicroglia have classically been viewed as the endogenous phagocytes of the brain, however, emerging evidence suggests roles for microglia in the healthy, mature nervous system. We know little of the contribution microglia make to ongoing processing in sensory systems. To explore Iba1+ microglial diversity, we employed the inferior colliculi (IC) as model nuclei, as they are characterized by sub-regions specialized for differing aspects of auditory processing. We conducted fluorescent multi-channel immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy in guinea pigs of both sexes and discovered that the density and morphology of Iba1+ labelling varied between parenchymal sub-regions of IC, while GFAP+ labelling of astrocytes was confined to the glia limitans externa and peri-vascular regions. The density of Iba1+ microglia somata was similar across sub-regions, however a greater amount of labelling was found in dorsal cortex than ventral central nucleus or lateral cortex. To further understand these differences between sub-regions in IC, Sholl and skeleton analyses of individual microglia revealed a greater number of branching ramifications in dorsal cortex. We also quantified abutments of Iba1+ microglial processes onto GAD67+ (putative GABAergic) somata. Cluster analyses revealed two novel sub-types of GAD67+ neuron, which can be distinguished solely based on the quantity of axo-somatic Iba1+ abutments they receive. These data demonstrate Iba1+ microglia exhibit different morphologies and interactions with GAD67+ neurons in distinct sub-regions of the mature, healthy IC. Taken together, these findings suggest significant heterogeneity amongst microglia in the auditory system, possibly related to the ongoing functional demands of their niche.

The Cerebellum and Its Wrapping Meninge: Developmental Interplay between Two Major Structures

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (05) ◽  
pp. 329-339 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Catala
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Basal Lamina ◽  
Subarachnoid Space ◽  
The Other ◽  
Granular Cells ◽  
Glia Limitans ◽  
Collagen Iii ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One

AbstractMeninges have long been considered as a protective and supportive tissue for the central nervous system. Nevertheless, new developmental roles are now attributed to them. The meninges that surround the cerebellum come from the cephalic mesoderm. They are essential for the cerebellum to develop normally. They induce and maintain the basal lamina and glia limitans. In the absence of these structures, the external granular cells of the cerebellum migrate aberrantly and penetrate the subarachnoid space. The molecules involved in the recognition between the cerebellar primordium and the basal lamina belong to two groups in humans: dystroglycan and laminin on the one hand, and GPR56 and collagen III on the other. Finally, molecules secreted by the meninges and acting on the cerebellum begin to be demonstrated; such is the case of SDF1 secreted under the action of FOXC1.

CD11c-expressing cells reside in the juxtavascular parenchyma and extend processes into the glia limitans of the mouse nervous system

2010 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 445-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolin Prodinger ◽  
Jörg Bunse ◽  
Martin Krüger ◽  
Fridtjof Schiefenhövel ◽  
Christine Brandt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glia Limitans

Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

Neuron-glia relationship during the early postembryonic development of the nervous system in some oligochaetes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
Wiktor Djaczenko ◽  
Carmen Calenda Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The simplicity of the developing nervous system of oligochaetes makes of it an excellent model for the study of the relationships between glia and neurons. In the present communication we describe the relationships between glia and neurons in the early periods of post-embryonic development in some species of oligochaetes.Tubifex tubifex (Mull. ) and Octolasium complanatum (Dugès) specimens starting from 0. 3 mm of body length were collected from laboratory cultures divided into three groups each group fixed separately by one of the following methods: (a) 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein fixation followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) TAPO technique, (c) ruthenium red method.Our observations concern the early period of the postembryonic development of the nervous system in oligochaetes. During this period neurons occupy fixed positions in the body the only observable change being the increase in volume of their perikaryons. Perikaryons of glial cells were located at some distance from neurons. Long cytoplasmic processes of glial cells tended to approach the neurons. The superimposed contours of glial cell processes designed from electron micrographs, taken at the same magnification, typical for five successive growth stages of the nervous system of Octolasium complanatum are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron is designed symbolically to facilitate the understanding of the kinetics of the growth process.

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