scholarly journals Organization of the sleep-related neural systems in the brain of the minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)

2015 ◽  
Vol 524 (10) ◽  
pp. 2018-2035 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leigh-Anne Dell ◽  
Karl AE. Karlsson ◽  
Nina Patzke ◽  
Muhammad A. Spocter ◽  
Jerome M. Siegel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Minke Whale ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Balaenoptera Acutorostrata ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Brain mast cells link the immune system to anxiety-like behavior

2008 ◽  
Vol 105 (46) ◽  
pp. 18053-18057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine M. Nautiyal ◽  
Ana C. Ribeiro ◽  
Donald W. Pfaff ◽  
Rae Silver
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Mast Cell Activation ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Littermate Control ◽  
Cytokines And Chemokines ◽  
Function Models ◽  
The Brain

Mast cells are resident in the brain and contain numerous mediators, including neurotransmitters, cytokines, and chemokines, that are released in response to a variety of natural and pharmacological triggers. The number of mast cells in the brain fluctuates with stress and various behavioral and endocrine states. These properties suggest that mast cells are poised to influence neural systems underlying behavior. Using genetic and pharmacological loss-of-function models we performed a behavioral screen for arousal responses including emotionality, locomotor, and sensory components. We found that mast cell deficient KitW−sh/W−sh (sash−/−) mice had a greater anxiety-like phenotype than WT and heterozygote littermate control animals in the open field arena and elevated plus maze. Second, we show that blockade of brain, but not peripheral, mast cell activation increased anxiety-like behavior. Taken together, the data implicate brain mast cells in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior and provide evidence for the behavioral importance of neuroimmune links.

New genetic evidences for distinct populations of the common minke whale (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) in the Southern Hemisphere

Polar Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas Milmann ◽  
Mioko Taguchi ◽  
Salvatore Siciliano ◽  
Júlio E. Baumgarten ◽  
Larissa R. Oliveira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Southern Hemisphere ◽  
Minke Whale ◽  
Balaenoptera Acutorostrata ◽  
The Common ◽  
Common Minke Whale

scholarly journals Mimicry is associated with procedural learning, not social bonding, neural systems in autism

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bahar Tunçgenç ◽  
Carolyn Koch ◽  
Amira Herstic ◽  
Inge-Marie Eigsti ◽  
Stewart Mostofsky
Keyword(s):  
Social Bonding ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Skill Learning ◽  
Autism Spectrum Conditions ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Procedural Skill ◽  
Communication Difficulties ◽  
Learning Functions ◽  
The Brain

AbstractMimicry facilitates social bonding throughout the lifespan. Mimicry impairments in autism spectrum conditions (ASC) are widely reported, including differentiation of the brain networks associated with its social bonding and learning functions. This study examined associations between volumes of brain regions associated with social bonding versus procedural skill learning, and mimicry of gestures during a naturalistic interaction in ASC and neurotypical (NT) children. Consistent with predictions, results revealed reduced mimicry in ASC relative to the NT children. Mimicry frequency was negatively associated with autism symptom severity. Mimicry was predicted predominantly by the volume of procedural skill learning regions in ASC, and by bonding regions in NT. Further, bonding regions contributed significantly less to mimicry in ASC than in NT, while the contribution of learning regions was not different across groups. These findings suggest that associating mimicry with skill learning, rather than social bonding, may partially explain observed communication difficulties in ASC.

Histological Observation of the Proper Gastric Gland in Minke Whale, Balaenoptera acutorostrata

2003 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetsuya SHIMOKAWA ◽  
Daishiro YAMAGIWA ◽  
Eiichi HONDO ◽  
Shigetoshi NISHIWAKI ◽  
Yasuo KISO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Gland ◽  
Minke Whale ◽  
Histological Observation ◽  
Balaenoptera Acutorostrata

Resilience

2019 ◽  
pp. 286-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Alexander ◽  
Justine Megan Gatt
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Dynamic Interactions ◽  
Control Networks ◽  
Effective Interventions ◽  
Adaptive Recovery ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Over Time

Resilience refers to the process of adaptive recovery following adversity or trauma. It is likely to include an intertwined series of dynamic interactions between neural, developmental, environmental, genetic, and epigenetic factors over time. Neuroscientific research suggests the potential role of the brain’s threat and reward systems, as well as executive control networks. Developmental research provides insight into how the environment may affect these neural systems across the lifespan towards greater risk or resilience to stress. Genetic work has revealed numerous targets that alter key neurochemical systems in the brain to influence mental health. Current challenges include ambiguities in the definition and measurement of resilience and a simplified focus on resilience as the absence of psychopathology, irrespective of levels of positive mental functioning. Greater emphasis on understanding the protective aspects of resilience and related well-being outcomes are important to delineate the unique neurobiological factors that underpin this process, so that effective interventions can be developed to assist vulnerable populations and resilience promotion.

Low-dimensional versus high-dimensional chaos in brain function – is it an and/or issue?

2001 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 823-824 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Cognitive Effort ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Sensory Information Processing ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Dimensional Complexity ◽  
Low Dimensional ◽  
The Brain

We discuss whether low-dimensional chaos and even nonlinear processes can be traced in the electrical activity of the brain. Experimental data show that the dimensional complexity of the EEG decreases during event-related potentials associated with cognitive effort. This probably represents increased nonlinear cooperation between different neural systems during sensory information processing.

scholarly journals Automatic Sorting of Dwarf Minke Whale Underwater Images

Information ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Konovalov ◽  
Natalie Swinhoe ◽  
Dina B. Efremova ◽  
R. Alastair Birtles ◽  
Martha Kusetic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
False Negative ◽  
False Negative Rate ◽  
Minke Whale ◽  
Balaenoptera Acutorostrata ◽  
Classification Rate ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Photo Identification ◽  
Video Footage ◽  
Positive Classification ◽  
June July

A predictable aggregation of dwarf minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata subspecies) occurs annually in the Australian waters of the northern Great Barrier Reef in June–July, which has been the subject of a long-term photo-identification study. Researchers from the Minke Whale Project (MWP) at James Cook University collect large volumes of underwater digital imagery each season (e.g., 1.8TB in 2018), much of which is contributed by citizen scientists. Manual processing and analysis of this quantity of data had become infeasible, and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) offered a potential solution. Our study sought to design and train a CNN that could detect whales from video footage in complex near-surface underwater surroundings and differentiate the whales from people, boats and recreational gear. We modified known classification CNNs to localise whales in video frames and digital still images. The required high classification accuracy was achieved by discovering an effective negative-labelling training technique. This resulted in a less than 1% false-positive classification rate and below 0.1% false-negative rate. The final operation-version CNN-pipeline processed all videos (with the interval of 10 frames) in approximately four days (running on two GPUs) delivering 1.95 million sorted images.

scholarly journals The Neural Correlates of Time: A Meta-analysis of Neuroimaging Studies

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (12) ◽  
pp. 1796-1826 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Nani ◽  
Jordi Manuello ◽  
Donato Liloia ◽  
Sergio Duca ◽  
Tommaso Costa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Analytical Investigation ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Sense Of Time ◽  
Task Conditions ◽  
Estimation Of Time ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Neuroimaging Techniques

During the last two decades, our inner sense of time has been repeatedly studied with the help of neuroimaging techniques. These investigations have suggested the specific involvement of different brain areas in temporal processing. At least two distinct neural systems are likely to play a role in measuring time: One is mainly constituted of subcortical structures and is supposed to be more related to the estimation of time intervals below the 1-sec range (subsecond timing tasks), and the other is mainly constituted of cortical areas and is supposed to be more related to the estimation of time intervals above the 1-sec range (suprasecond timing tasks). Tasks can then be performed in motor or nonmotor (perceptual) conditions, thus providing four different categories of time processing. Our meta-analytical investigation partly confirms the findings of previous meta-analytical works. Both sub- and suprasecond tasks recruit cortical and subcortical areas, but subcortical areas are more intensely activated in subsecond tasks than in suprasecond tasks, which instead receive more contributions from cortical activations. All the conditions, however, show strong activations in the SMA, whose rostral and caudal parts have an important role not only in the discrimination of different time intervals but also in relation to the nature of the task conditions. This area, along with the striatum (especially the putamen) and the claustrum, is supposed to be an essential node in the different networks engaged when the brain creates our sense of time.

The contents of consciousness: A neuropsychological conjecture

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 659-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Conscious Experience ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Positive Symptoms ◽  
Current State ◽  
Key Features ◽  
The Brain

AbstractDrawing on previous models of anxiety, intermediate memory, the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, and goal-directed behaviour, a neuropsychological hypothesis is proposed for the generation of the contents of consciousness. It is suggested that these correspond to the outputs of a comparator that, on a moment-by-moment basis, compares the current state of the organism's perceptual world with a predicted state. An outline is given of the information-processing functions of the comparator system and of the neural systems which mediate them. The hypothesis appears to be able to account for a number of key features of the contents of consciousness. However, it is argued that neitherthis nor any existing comparable hypothesis is yet able to explain why the brain should generate conscious experience of any kind at all.

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