Organization of the gymnotiform fish pallium in relation to learning and memory: IV. Expression of conserved transcription factors and implications for the evolution of dorsal telencephalon

2012 ◽  
Vol 520 (15) ◽  
pp. 3395-3413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik Harvey-Girard ◽  
Ana C.C. Giassi ◽  
William Ellis ◽  
Leonard Maler
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Dorsal Telencephalon ◽  
Gymnotiform Fish

scholarly journals A role for neural determination genes in specifying the dorsoventral identity of telencephalic neurons

2000 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carol Fode ◽  
Qiufu Ma ◽  
Simona Casarosa ◽  
Siew-Lan Ang ◽  
David J. Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Cortical Neurons ◽  
Double Mutant ◽  
Ectopic Expression ◽  
Neuronal Identity ◽  
Dorsal Telencephalon ◽  
Bhlh Transcription Factors ◽  
Type Specification ◽  
Neuronal Type

Neurogenin1 (Ngn1), Neurogenin2(Ngn2), and Mash1 encode bHLH transcription factors with neuronal determination functions. In the telencephalon, theNgns and Mash1 are expressed at high levels in complementary dorsal and ventral domains, respectively. We found thatNgn function is required to maintain these two separate expression domains, as Mash1 expression is up-regulated in the dorsal telencephalon of Ngn mutant embryos. We have taken advantage of the replacement of the Ngns by Mash1 in dorsal progenitors to address the role of the neural determination genes in neuronal-type specification in the telencephalon. InNgn2 single and Ngn1; Ngn2 double mutants, a population of early born cortical neurons lose expression of dorsal-specific markers and ectopically express a subset of ventral telencephalic-specific markers. Analysis of Mash1; Ngn2double mutant embryos and of embryos carrying a Ngn2 toMash1 replacement mutation demonstrated that ectopic expression of Mash1 is required and sufficient to confer these ventral characteristics to cortical neurons. Our results indicate that in addition to acting as neuronal determinants, Mash1 andNgns play a role in the specification of dorsal-ventral neuronal identity, directly linking pathways of neurogenesis and regional patterning in the forebrain.

Organization of the gymnotiform fish pallium in relation to learning and memory: III. Intrinsic connections

2012 ◽  
Vol 520 (15) ◽  
pp. 3369-3394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C.C. Giassi ◽  
William Ellis ◽  
Leonard Maler
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Gymnotiform Fish

scholarly journals Towards understanding of the role of transcription factors in learning processes.

1995 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Memory Formation ◽  
Present Knowledge ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Recent Advances

Recent advances in application of molecular biology to studies on learning and memory formation suggest that understanding of these seemingly elusive phenomena may be within our reach. This mini-review summarizes the present knowledge on activation and possible functions of transcription factors in learning processes with a focus on studies performed in the author's laboratory.

Sox2 regulatory sequences direct expression of a (beta)-geo transgene to telencephalic neural stem cells and precursors of the mouse embryo, revealing regionalization of gene expression in CNS stem cells

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (11) ◽  
pp. 2367-2382 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.V. Zappone ◽  
R. Galli ◽  
R. Catena ◽  
N. Meani ◽  
S. De Biasi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Stem Cells ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Neural Stem Cells ◽  
Ventricular Zone ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Enhancer Element ◽  
Dorsal Telencephalon

Sox2 is one of the earliest known transcription factors expressed in the developing neural tube. Although it is expressed throughout the early neuroepithelium, we show that its later expression must depend on the activity of more than one regionally restricted enhancer element. Thus, by using transgenic assays and by homologous recombination-mediated deletion, we identify a region upstream of Sox2 (−5.7 to −3.3 kb) which can not only drive expression of a (beta)-geo transgene to the developing dorsal telencephalon, but which is required to do so in the context of the endogenous gene. The critical enhancer can be further delimited to an 800 bp fragment of DNA surrounding a nuclease hypersensitive site within this region, as this is sufficient to confer telencephalic expression to a 3.3 kb fragment including the Sox2 promoter, which is otherwise inactive in the CNS. Expression of the 5.7 kb Sox2(beta)-geo transgene localizes to the neural plate and later to the telencephalic ventricular zone. We show, by in vitro clonogenic assays, that transgene-expressing (and thus G418-resistant) ventricular zone cells include cells displaying functional properties of stem cells, i.e. self-renewal and multipotentiality. We further show that the majority of telencephalic stem cells express the transgene, and this expression is largely maintained over two months in culture (more than 40 cell divisions) in the absence of G418 selective pressure. In contrast, stem cells grown in parallel from the spinal cord never express the transgene, and die in G418. Expression of endogenous telencephalic genes was similarly observed in long-term cultures derived from the dorsal telencephalon, but not in spinal cord-derived cultures. Thus, neural stem cells of the midgestation embryo are endowed with region-specific gene expression (at least with respect to some networks of transcription factors, such as that driving telencephalic expression of the Sox2 transgene), which can be inherited through multiple divisions outside the embryonic environment.

scholarly journals The Neuroplasticity-Associated Arc Gene Is a Direct Transcriptional Target of Early Growth Response (Egr) Transcription Factors

2005 ◽  
Vol 25 (23) ◽  
pp. 10286-10300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Li ◽  
John Carter ◽  
Xiaoguang Gao ◽  
Jennifer Whitehead ◽  
Warren G. Tourtellotte
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Growth Response ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Synaptic Activity ◽  
Early Growth Response ◽  
Arc Gene

ABSTRACT Early growth response (Egr) transcription factors (Egr1 to Egr4) are synaptic activity-inducible immediate early genes (IEGs) that regulate some aspects of synaptic plasticity-related to learning and memory, yet the target genes regulated by them are unknown. In particular, Egr1 is essential for persistence of late-phase long-term potentiation (L-LTP), for hippocampus-dependent long-term memory formation, and for reconsolidation of previously established memories. Here, we show that Egr1 and Egr3 directly regulate the plasticity-associated activity-regulated cytoskeletal-related (Arc) gene, a synaptic activity-induced effector molecule which is also required for L-LTP and hippocampus-dependent learning and memory processing. Moreover, Egr1-deficient and Egr3-deficient mice lack Arc protein in a subpopulation of neurons, while mice lacking both Egr1 and Egr3 lack Arc in all neurons. Thus, Egr1 and Egr3 can indirectly modulate synaptic plasticity by directly regulating Arc and the plasticity mechanisms it mediates in recently activated synapses.

Organization of the gymnotiform fish pallium in relation to learning and memory: I. Cytoarchitectonics and cellular morphology

2012 ◽  
Vol 520 (15) ◽  
pp. 3314-3337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C.C. Giassi ◽  
Erik Harvey-Girard ◽  
Bridget Valsamis ◽  
Leonard Maler
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Cellular Morphology ◽  
Gymnotiform Fish

Organization of the gymnotiform fish pallium in relation to learning and memory: II. Extrinsic connections

2012 ◽  
Vol 520 (15) ◽  
pp. 3338-3368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana C.C. Giassi ◽  
Terence T. Duarte ◽  
William Ellis ◽  
Leonard Maler
Keyword(s):  
Learning And Memory ◽  
Gymnotiform Fish
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