Comparison of the spatial distribution of seven types of neuroendocrine neurons in the rat paraventricular nucleus: Toward a global 3D model

2009 ◽  
Vol 516 (5) ◽  
pp. 423-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donna M. Simmons ◽  
Larry W. Swanson
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neurons

scholarly journals Stress-induced changes in the activity of parvocellular neurosecretory cells in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 217-224
Author(s):  
Magdalena Kusek ◽  
Izabela Ciurej ◽  
Krzysztof Tokarski
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Affective Disorders ◽  
Physiological Stress ◽  
Neurosecretory Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
Synaptic Inputs ◽  
Repeated Stress ◽  
Physiological Stress Response ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neurons

This paper summarizes a series of studies aimed at characterizing the effects of stress-related changes in synaptic inputs to the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN). This structure generates an integrated physiological stress response by activating the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)-synthesizing parvocellular neuroendocrine neurons of the PVN play a key role in this process. They receive extensive excitatory and inhibitory innervation conveying information about interoceptive and exteroceptive stressful stimuli from a variety of sources within the brain. These synaptic inputs modulate the activity of PVN neurons, which regulates the amount of CRH released into the portal circulation of the anterior pituitary. It has been demonstrated that with either single or repeated stress sessions, the efficacy of excitatory and inhibitory synapses on parvocellular neuroendocrine neurons changes considerably, which may be related to repeated stress-induced sensitization of the HPA axis. The nature of these changes depends on the type of stress and its duration. Changes in synaptic inputs and the excitability of parvocellular neuroendocrine neurons are thought to be responsible for dysfunctions of the HPA axis observed in affective disorders. Assessing how this controlling function of PVN neurons is modulated in response to stress is crucial to our understanding of the pathophysiology of affective disorders.

Exercise Training Differentially Affects Intrinsic Excitability of Autonomic and Neuroendocrine Neurons in the Hypothalamic Paraventricular Nucleus

2005 ◽  
Vol 94 (5) ◽  
pp. 3211-3220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keshia Jackson ◽  
Helaine M. Vieira Silva ◽  
Wenfeng Zhang ◽  
Lisete C. Michelini ◽  
Javier E. Stern
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Intrinsic Excitability ◽  
Output Function ◽  
Input Output ◽  
Whole Cell Patch Clamp ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neurons ◽  
Frequency Current

Oxytocinergic and vasopressinergic brain stem projections have been shown to play an important role in mediating cardiovascular adjustments during exercise training (ET). The aim of the present work was to determine whether the intrinsic excitability of hypothalamic neurons giving rise to brain stem peptidergic projections is altered as a consequence of ET. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were obtained from nucleus of the solitarii tract (NTS)-projecting paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) neurons and from supraoptic nucleus (SON) and PVN magnocellular cells (MNCs), in hypothalamic slices obtained from sedentary (S) and ET rats. Our results indicate that intrinsic excitability of PVN neurons that innervate the NTS (PVN-NTS) is enhanced by ET, resulting in a more efficient input-output function (increase number of evoked actions potentials, steeper frequency/current relationships and slower decaying frequency/time relationships). Changes in input-output function were accompanied by smaller hyperpolarizing afterpotentials (HAPs) and afterhyperpolarizing potentials (AHPs), during and after trains of spikes, respectively. On the other hand, a decreased efficacy in the input-output function was observed in SON/PVN MNCs during ET. Altogether, our results indicate that ET differentially affects the intrinsic excitability of autonomic and neurosecretory SON and PVN neurons. Increased excitability in PVN-NTS neurons may contribute to enhanced release of OT and VP peptides in the dorsal brain stem, and cardiovascular fine-tuning during exercise training.

scholarly journals P0659MULTIMODAL IMAGING OF MALDI MSI DATA

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliane Hermann ◽  
Kai Brehmer ◽  
Herbert Thiele ◽  
Vera Jankowski ◽  
Joachim Jankowski
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Immunohistochemical Staining ◽  
3D Model ◽  
Mass Spectrometric ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Data ◽  
Spectrometric Data ◽  
Histological Staining

Abstract Background and Aims MALDI mass spectrometric imaging (MALDI MSI) is a powerful histologic tool for the analysis of biomolecules in tissue samples. MALDI MSI measurements results in a high sensitivity and accuracy of spatial distribution of biomolecules in tissue samples The resolution information of MALDI MSI is in the range of 5-10 µm in the spatial distribution and has the ability to identify proteins, peptides, lipids and small biomolecules directly in tissue samples in one analytical step..For a more detailed analysis of MALDI MSI data and a correlation between the molecular and microscopic level, a combination of MALDI MSI data and histological staining is essential. By combining MALDI MSI data and histological data, much more information are obtained than from a single analysis of both methods. Therefore, MALDI MSI data sets and histological staining were fused to a 3D model presenting a biomolecule distribution of the whole organ and provide more information than a single tissue section. We developed, established and validate an algorithm for an automatic registration of MALDI data with different histological image data for the cross-process evaluation of multimodal data sets for creating 3D models. This multimodal image approach simplifies and improves molecular analyses of tissue samples clinical research and diagnosis. Method The data sets for the fusion and creating of a 3D model consist of mass spectrometric data as well as histological and Immunohistochemical staining methods. Histological tissue sections of a whole mice kidney were prepared. For MALDI MSI data the organ sections were coated and incubated with a trypsin solution were performed by using a sprayer for MALDI imaging. As matrix, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid was used. MALDI MSI was performed using the Rapiflex. For histological staining the hematoxylin-eosin and Gomori staining were chosen. For Immunohistochemical double staining and immunofluorescence, were used for the detection of Collagen type I, smooth muscle actin and the cell nuclei. Results By using a mathematical registration, a perfect superposition of the individual histological sections mass spectrometric data was achieved. It is possible to combine mass spectrometric data, histological and Immunohistochemical data sets in a high number and to reconstruct the measured mice kidney. By using different imaging methods, a variety of information about tissue structure as well as tissue changes and protein distribution can be obtained. The fusion of the data also offers a virtual incision of the organ from any angle and level. The algorithms are adapted to take the data fusion automatically offering a high-throughput approach for clinical diagnostics and the possibility to involved artificial intelligence in its interpretation in research. Conclusion There is a successful fusion of MALDI MSI data and different histological and Immunohistochemical staining data sets of a whole organ

Lithography below 100 nm

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 96-99
Author(s):  
L. D. Jackel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Electron Beam ◽  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Electron Beam Lithography ◽  
Substrate Material ◽  
Local Electron ◽  
Electron Dose ◽  
Positive Resist ◽  
Exposure Process

Most production electron beam lithography systems can pattern minimum features a few tenths of a micron across. Linewidth in these systems is usually limited by the quality of the exposing beam and by electron scattering in the resist and substrate. By using a smaller spot along with exposure techniques that minimize scattering and its effects, laboratory e-beam lithography systems can now make features hundredths of a micron wide on standard substrate material. This talk will outline sane of these high- resolution e-beam lithography techniques.We first consider parameters of the exposure process that limit resolution in organic resists. For concreteness suppose that we have a “positive” resist in which exposing electrons break bonds in the resist molecules thus increasing the exposed resist's solubility in a developer. Ihe attainable resolution is obviously limited by the overall width of the exposing beam, but the spatial distribution of the beam intensity, the beam “profile” , also contributes to the resolution. Depending on the local electron dose, more or less resist bonds are broken resulting in slower or faster dissolution in the developer.

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