Increased expression of the growth-associated protein 43 gene in the sensorimotor cortex of the macaque monkey after lesioning the lateral corticospinal tract

2009 ◽  
Vol 516 (6) ◽  
pp. 493-506 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noriyuki Higo ◽  
Yukio Nishimura ◽  
Yumi Murata ◽  
Takao Oishi ◽  
Kimika Yoshino-Saito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Macaque Monkey

Plasticity to neonatal sensorimotor cortex injury

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah Galley ◽  
Gavin Clowry
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Dorsal Horn ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Yellow Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Red Nucleus ◽  
Neuronal Cell ◽  
Ventral Horn ◽  
Dorsal Funiculus

AbstractA CST-YFP transgenic mouse has been developed for the study of the corticospinal tract in which yellow fluorescent protein is expressed under the control of thy1 and emx1 promoters in order to restrict expression to forebrain neurones. We explored plasticity of the developing corticospinal tract of these mice following a unilateral lesion to the sensorimotor cortex at postnatal day 7. The extent of innervation of the cervical spinal cord at time points post-lesion was assessed by measuring density of immunoperoxidase reactivity for yellow fluorescent protein in the dorsal funiculi and a defined region of each dorsal horn, and by counting immunoreactive axonal varicosities in the ventral horns. Two/three days post-lesion, the density of immunoreactivity in the dorsal horn contralateral to the lesion was reduced proportional to the decrease in positive fibres in the dorsal funiculus, however density of immunoreactive varicosities in the ventral horn was more resistant to loss. Over a three week period, immunoreactive axonal processes in the grey matter increased on the contralateral side, particularly in the ventral horn, but without an increase in immunopositive fibres in the contralateral dorsal funiculus, demonstrating sprouting of surviving immunoreactive fibres to replace lesioned corticospinal axons. However, the origin of sprouting fibres could not be identified with confidence as parallel observations revealed strongly immunoreactive neuronal cell bodies in the spinal cord, medulla and red nucleus. We have demonstrated plasticity in response to a developmental lesion but discovered a drawback to using these mice if visualisation of individual axons is enhanced by immunohistochemistry.

scholarly journals Changes in descending motor pathway connectivity after corticospinal tract lesion in macaque monkey

Brain ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 135 (7) ◽  
pp. 2277-2289 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Zaaimi ◽  
S. A. Edgley ◽  
D. S. Soteropoulos ◽  
S. N. Baker
Keyword(s):  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
Motor Pathway

Motor command for precision grip in the macaque monkey can be mediated by spinal interneurons

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 122-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Alstermark ◽  
L. G. Pettersson ◽  
Y. Nishimura ◽  
K. Yoshino-Saito ◽  
F. Tsuboi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Sweet Potato ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Index Finger ◽  
Precision Grip ◽  
Motor Command ◽  
Macaque Monkey ◽  
General View ◽  
Macaque Monkeys ◽  
Spinal Interneurons

In motor control, the general view is still that spinal interneurons mainly contribute to reflexes and automatic movements. The question raised here is whether spinal interneurons can mediate the cortical command for independent finger movements, like a precision grip between the thumb and index finger in the macaque monkey, or if this function depends exclusively on a direct corticomotoneuronal pathway. This study is a followup of a previous report (Sasaki et al. J Neurophysiol 92: 3142–3147, 2004) in which we trained macaque monkeys to pick a small piece of sweet potato from a cylinder by a precision grip between the index finger and thumb. We have now isolated one spinal interneuronal system, the C3-C4 propriospinal interneurons with projection to hand and arm motoneurons. In the previous study, the lateral corticospinal tract (CST) was interrupted in C4/C5 (input intact to the C3-C4 propriospinal interneurons), and in this study, the CST was interrupted in C2 (input abolished). The precision grip could be performed within the first 15 days after a CST lesion in C4/C5 but not in C2. We conclude that C3–C4 propriospinal interneurons also can carry the command for precision grip.

Formation of Descending Pathways Mediating Cortical Command to Forelimb Motoneurons in Neonatally Hemidecorticated Rats

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (3) ◽  
pp. 1707-1716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuya Umeda ◽  
Masahito Takahashi ◽  
Kaoru Isa ◽  
Tadashi Isa
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Descending Pathways ◽  
Dorsal Funiculus ◽  
Intact Side ◽  
Spinal Interneurons ◽  
Upper Cervical ◽  
Anterograde Tracer ◽  
Medullary Pyramid

Neonatally hemidecorticated rats show fairly normal reaching and grasping behaviors of the forelimb contralateral to the lesion at the adult stage. Previous experiments using an anterograde tracer showed that the corticospinal fibers originating from the sensorimotor cortex of the intact side projected aberrant collaterals to the spinal gray matter on the ipsilateral side. The present study used electrophysiological methods to investigate whether the aberrant projections of the corticospinal tract mediated the pyramidal excitation to the ipsilateral forelimb motoneurons and, if so, which pathways mediate the effect in the hemidecorticated rats. Electrical stimulation to the intact medullary pyramid elicited bilateral negative field potentials in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In intracellular recordings of forelimb motoneurons, oligosynaptic pyramidal excitation was detected on both sides of the spinal cord in the hemidecorticated rats, whereas pyramidal excitation of motoneurons on the side ipsilateral to the stimulation was much smaller in normal rats. By lesioning the dorsal funiculus at the upper cervical level, we clarified that the excitation was transmitted to the ipsilateral motoneurons by at least two pathways: one via the corticospinal tract and spinal interneurons and the other via the cortico-reticulo-spinal pathways. These results suggested that in the neonatally hemidecorticated rats, the forelimb movements on the side contralateral to the lesion were modulated by motor commands through the indirect ipsilateral descending pathways from the sensorimotor cortex of the intact side either via the spinal interneurons or reticulospinal neurons.

Cocultures of Rat Sensorimotor Cortex and Spinal Cord Slices to Investigate Corticospinal Tract Sprouting

Spine ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 34 (23) ◽  
pp. 2494-2499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stavros I. Stavridis ◽  
Faramarz Dehghani ◽  
Horst-Werner Korf ◽  
Nils P. Hailer
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Corticospinal Tract

scholarly journals Rostro-Caudal Specificity of Corticospinal Tract Projections in Mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswald Steward ◽  
Kelly M Yee ◽  
Mariajose Metcalfe ◽  
Rafer Willenberg ◽  
Juan Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensorimotor Cortex ◽  
Corticospinal Tract ◽  
Descending Pathways ◽  
Biotinylated Dextran Amine ◽  
Retrograde Labeling ◽  
Barrel Field ◽  
Reporter Mice ◽  
Dorsolateral Cortex ◽  
High Cervical ◽  
Biotinylated Dextran

Abstract Rostro-caudal specificity of corticospinal tract (CST) projections from different areas of the cortex was assessed by retrograde labeling with fluorogold and retrograde transfection following retro-AAV/Cre injection into the spinal cord of tdT reporter mice. Injections at C5 led to retrograde labeling of neurons throughout forelimb area of the sensorimotor cortex and a region in the dorsolateral cortex near the barrel field (S2). Injections at L2 led to retrograde labeling of neurons in the posterior sensorimotor cortex (hindlimb area) but not the dorsolateral cortex. With injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) into the main sensorimotor cortex (forelimb region), labeled axons terminated selectively at cervical levels. With BDA injections into caudal sensorimotor cortex (hindlimb region), labeled axons passed through cervical levels without sending collaterals into the gray matter and then elaborated terminal arbors at thoracic sacral levels. With BDA injections into the dorsolateral cortex near the barrel field, labeled axons terminated at high cervical levels. Axons from medial sensorimotor cortex terminated primarily in intermediate laminae and axons from lateral sensorimotor cortex terminated primarily in laminae III–V of the dorsal horn. One of the descending pathways seen in rats (the ventral CST) was not observed in most mice.

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