Synaptic connections between eyelet photoreceptors and pigment dispersing factor-immunoreactive neurons of the blowflyProtophormia terraenovae

2005 ◽  
Vol 494 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kouji Yasuyama ◽  
Yoshinori Okada ◽  
Yoshitaka Hamanaka ◽  
Sakiko Shiga
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Pigment Dispersing Factor

scholarly journals A Serial Multiplex Immunogold Labeling Method for Identifying Peptidergic Neurons in Connectomes

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Shahidi ◽  
Elizabeth Williams ◽  
Markus Conzelmann ◽  
Albina Asadulina ◽  
Csaba Veraszto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Immunogold Labeling ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Peptidergic Neurons ◽  
Pigment Dispersing Factor ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nuchal Organs ◽  
Labeling Method ◽  
High Immunogenicity ◽  
Full Body

Electron microscopy-based connectomics aims to comprehensively map synaptic connections in neural tissue. However, current approaches are limited in their capacity to directly assign molecular identities to neurons. Here, we use serial multiplex immunogold labeling (siGOLD) and serial-section transmission electron microscopy (ssTEM) to identify multiple peptidergic neurons in a connectome. The high immunogenicity of neuropeptides and their broad distribution along axons, allowed us to identify distinct neurons by immunolabeling small subsets of sections within larger series. We demonstrate the scalability of siGOLD by using 11 neuropeptide antibodies on a full-body larval ssTEM dataset of the annelid Platynereis. We also reconstruct a peptidergic circuitry comprising the sensory nuchal organs, found by siGOLD to express pigment-dispersing factor, a circadian neuropeptide. Our approach enables the direct overlaying of chemical neuromodulatory maps onto synaptic connectomic maps in the study of nervous systems.

scholarly journals A serial multiplex immunogold labeling method for identifying peptidergic neurons in connectomes

eLife ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Réza Shahidi ◽  
Elizabeth A Williams ◽  
Markus Conzelmann ◽  
Albina Asadulina ◽  
Csaba Verasztó ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Immunogold Labeling ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Peptidergic Neurons ◽  
Pigment Dispersing Factor ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Nuchal Organs ◽  
Labeling Method ◽  
High Immunogenicity ◽  
Full Body

Electron microscopy-based connectomics aims to comprehensively map synaptic connections in neural tissue. However, current approaches are limited in their capacity to directly assign molecular identities to neurons. Here, we use serial multiplex immunogold labeling (siGOLD) and serial-section transmission electron microscopy (ssTEM) to identify multiple peptidergic neurons in a connectome. The high immunogenicity of neuropeptides and their broad distribution along axons, allowed us to identify distinct neurons by immunolabeling small subsets of sections within larger series. We demonstrate the scalability of siGOLD by using 11 neuropeptide antibodies on a full-body larval ssTEM dataset of the annelid Platynereis. We also reconstruct a peptidergic circuitry comprising the sensory nuchal organs, found by siGOLD to express pigment-dispersing factor, a circadian neuropeptide. Our approach enables the direct overlaying of chemical neuromodulatory maps onto synaptic connectomic maps in the study of nervous systems.

Structure and function of neural networks in the retina

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Peter Sterling
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Visual Axis ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Cat Retina ◽  
Ultrathin Sections ◽  
And Function ◽  
Insight Into

The synaptic connections in cat retina that link photoreceptors to ganglion cells have been analyzed quantitatively. Our approach has been to prepare serial, ultrathin sections and photograph en montage at low magnification (˜2000X) in the electron microscope. Six series, 100-300 sections long, have been prepared over the last decade. They derive from different cats but always from the same region of retina, about one degree from the center of the visual axis. The material has been analyzed by reconstructing adjacent neurons in each array and then identifying systematically the synaptic connections between arrays. Most reconstructions were done manually by tracing the outlines of processes in successive sections onto acetate sheets aligned on a cartoonist's jig. The tracings were then digitized, stacked by computer, and printed with the hidden lines removed. The results have provided rather than the usual one-dimensional account of pathways, a three-dimensional account of circuits. From this has emerged insight into the functional architecture.

Inflammational Animal Models for Schizophrenia

2015 ◽  
Vol 223 (3) ◽  
pp. 157-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Juckel
Keyword(s):  
Animal Model ◽  
Animal Models ◽  
Immune Activation ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Preventive Interventions ◽  
Immunological System

Abstract. Inflammational-immunological processes within the pathophysiology of schizophrenia seem to play an important role. Early signals of neurobiological changes in the embryonal phase of brain in later patients with schizophrenia might lead to activation of the immunological system, for example, of cytokines and microglial cells. Microglia then induces – via the neurotoxic activities of these cells as an overreaction – a rarification of synaptic connections in frontal and temporal brain regions, that is, reduction of the neuropil. Promising inflammational animal models for schizophrenia with high validity can be used today to mimic behavioral as well as neurobiological findings in patients, for example, the well-known neurochemical alterations of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, serotonergic, and other neurotransmitter systems. Also the microglial activation can be modeled well within one of this models, that is, the inflammational PolyI:C animal model of schizophrenia, showing a time peak in late adolescence/early adulthood. The exact mechanism, by which activated microglia cells then triggers further neurodegeneration, must now be investigated in broader detail. Thus, these animal models can be used to understand the pathophysiology of schizophrenia better especially concerning the interaction of immune activation, inflammation, and neurodegeneration. This could also lead to the development of anti-inflammational treatment options and of preventive interventions.

Dependence of Sensitive Responses of Chaotic Wandering States on Configuration of Inhibited In-Coming Synaptic Connections

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 644-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Hamada ◽  
Jousuke Kuroiwa ◽  
Hisakazu Ogura ◽  
Tomohiro Odaka ◽  
Izumi Suwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Connections

Synaptic Connections between a Transplanted Insect Ganglion and Muscles of the Host

Science ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 156 (3782) ◽  
pp. 1638-1640 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Jacklet ◽  
M. J. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Connections

scholarly journals Quantification of Dendritic Spines Remodeling under Physiological Stimuli and in Pathological Conditions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (8) ◽  
pp. 4053
Author(s):  
Ewa Bączyńska ◽  
Katarzyna Karolina Pels ◽  
Subhadip Basu ◽  
Jakub Włodarczyk ◽  
Błażej Ruszczycki
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Spines ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Synaptic Connections ◽  
Brain Pathology ◽  
Biological Models ◽  
Structural Geometry ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Experimental Approaches

Numerous brain diseases are associated with abnormalities in morphology and density of dendritic spines, small membranous protrusions whose structural geometry correlates with the strength of synaptic connections. Thus, the quantitative analysis of dendritic spines remodeling in microscopic images is one of the key elements towards understanding mechanisms of structural neuronal plasticity and bases of brain pathology. In the following article, we review experimental approaches designed to assess quantitative features of dendritic spines under physiological stimuli and in pathological conditions. We compare various methodological pipelines of biological models, sample preparation, data analysis, image acquisition, sample size, and statistical analysis. The methodology and results of relevant experiments are systematically summarized in a tabular form. In particular, we focus on quantitative data regarding the number of animals, cells, dendritic spines, types of studied parameters, size of observed changes, and their statistical significance.

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