Development of cholinergic amacrine cells is visual activity-dependent in the postnatal mouse retina

2005 ◽  
Vol 484 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Zhuo Yang ◽  
Samuel M. Wu
Keyword(s):  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Visual Activity ◽  
Activity Dependent ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

scholarly journals Spatial patterning of cholinergic amacrine cells in the mouse retina

2008 ◽  
Vol 508 (2) ◽  
pp. SPC1-SPC1
Author(s):  
Irene E. Whitney ◽  
Patrick W. Keeley ◽  
Mary A. Raven ◽  
Benjamin E. Reese
Keyword(s):  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

scholarly journals Spatial patterning of cholinergic amacrine cells in the mouse retina

2008 ◽  
Vol 508 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene E. Whitney ◽  
Patrick W. Keeley ◽  
Mary A. Raven ◽  
Benjamin E. Reese
Keyword(s):  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

Characterization of Voltage-Gated Ionic Channels in Cholinergic Amacrine Cells in the Mouse Retina

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (6) ◽  
pp. 4225-4234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Makoto Kaneda ◽  
Koichi Ito ◽  
Yosuke Morishima ◽  
Yasuhide Shigematsu ◽  
Yukio Shimoda
Keyword(s):  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Ionic Channels ◽  
Signal Propagation ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Delayed Rectifier ◽  
Ca Channel ◽  
Voltage Gated ◽  
A Current ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

Recent studies have shown that cholinergic amacrine cells possess unique membrane properties. However, voltage-gated ionic channels in cholinergic amacrine cells have not been characterized systematically. In this study, using electrophysiological and immunohistochemical techniques, we examined voltage-gated ionic channels in a transgenic mouse line the cholinergic amacrine cells of which were selectively labeled with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Voltage-gated K+ currents contained a 4-aminopyridine-sensitive current (A current) and a tetraethylammonium-sensitive current (delayed rectifier K+ current). Voltage-gated Ca2+ currents contained a ω-conotoxin GVIA-sensitive component (N-type) and a ω-Aga IVA-sensitive component (P/Q-type). Tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ currents and dihydropyridine-sensitive Ca2+ currents (L-type) were not observed. Immunoreactivity for the Na channel subunit (Pan Nav), the K channel subunits (the A-current subunits [Kv. 3.3 and Kv 3.4]) and the Ca channel subunits (α1A [P/Q-type], α1B [N-type] and α1C [L-type]) was detected in the membrane fraction of the mouse retina by Western blot analysis. Immunoreactivity for the Kv. 3.3, Kv 3.4, α1A [P/Q-type], and α1B [N-type] was colocalized with the GFP signals. Immunoreactivity for α1C [L-type] was not colocalized with the GFP signals. Immunoreactivity for Pan Nav did not exist on the membrane surface of the GFP-positive cells. Our findings indicate that signal propagation in cholinergic amacrine cells is mediated by a combination of two types of voltage-gated K+ currents (the A current and the delayed rectifier K+ current) and two types of voltage-gated Ca2+ currents (the P/Q-type and the N-type) in the mouse retina.

scholarly journals Novel channel-mediated choline transport in cholinergic neurons of the mouse retina

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 1952-1961 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toshiyuki Ishii ◽  
Kohei Homma ◽  
Asuka Mano ◽  
Takumi Akagi ◽  
Yasuhide Shigematsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Purinergic Receptors ◽  
Expression System ◽  
Cholinergic Neurons ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Choline Uptake ◽  
Transport Pathway ◽  
Choline Transport ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

Choline uptake into the presynaptic terminal of cholinergic neurons is mediated by the high-affinity choline transporter and is essential for acetylcholine synthesis. In a previous study, we reported that P2X2 purinoceptors are selectively expressed in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells of the mouse retina. Under specific conditions, P2X2 purinoceptors acquire permeability to large cations, such as N-methyl-d-glucamine, and therefore potentially could act as a noncanonical pathway for choline entry into neurons. We tested this hypothesis in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells of the mouse retina. ATP-induced choline currents were observed in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells, but not in ON-cholinergic amacrine cells, in mouse retinal slice preparations. High-affinity choline transporters are expressed at higher levels in ON-cholinergic amacrine cells than in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells. In dissociated preparations of cholinergic amacrine cells, ATP-activated cation currents arose from permeation of extracellular choline. We also examined the pharmacological properties of choline currents. Pharmacologically, α,β-methylene ATP did not produce a cation current, whereas ATPγS and benzoyl-benzoyl-ATP (BzATP) activated choline currents. However, the amplitude of the choline current activated by BzATP was very small. The choline current activated by ATP was strongly inhibited by pyridoxalphosphate-6-azophenyl-2′,4′-sulfonic acid. Accordingly, P2X2 purinoceptors expressed in HEK-293T cells were permeable to choline and similarly functioned as a choline uptake pathway. Our physiological and pharmacological findings support the hypothesis that P2 purinoceptors, including P2X2 purinoceptors, function as a novel choline transport pathway and may provide a new regulatory mechanism for cholinergic signaling transmission at synapses in OFF-cholinergic amacrine cells of the mouse retina. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Choline transport across the membrane is exerted by both the high-affinity and low-affinity choline transporters. We found that choline can permeate P2 purinergic receptors, including P2X2 purinoceptors, in cholinergic neurons of the retina. Our findings show the presence of a novel choline transport pathway in cholinergic neurons. Our findings also indicate that the permeability of P2X2 purinergic receptors to choline observed in the heterologous expression system may have a physiological relevance in vivo.

scholarly journals Cellular positioning and dendritic field size of cholinergic amacrine cells are impervious to early ablation of neighboring cells in the mouse retina

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
REZA FARAJIAN ◽  
MARY A. RAVEN ◽  
KAREN CUSATO ◽  
BENJAMIN E. REESE
Keyword(s):  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Single Cells ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Field Size ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Dendritic Field ◽  
Normal Retina ◽  
Field Area ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells ◽  
Neighbor Relationships

We have examined the role of neighbor relationships between cholinergic amacrine cells upon their positioning and dendritic field size by producing partial ablations of this population of cells during early development. We first determined the effectiveness ofl-glutamate as an excitotoxin for ablating cholinergic amacrine cells in the developing mouse retina. Subcutaneous injections (4 mg/g) made on P-3 and thereafter were found to produce a near-complete elimination, while injections at P-2 were ineffective. Lower doses on P-3 produced only partial reductions, and were subsequently used to examine the effect of partial ablation upon mosaic organization and dendritic growth of the remaining cells. Four different Voronoi-based measures of mosaic geometry were examined inl-glutamate-treated and normal (saline-treated) retinas. Partial depletions of around 40% produced cholinergic mosaics that, when scaled for density, approximated the mosaic geometry of the normal retina. Separate comparisons simulating a 40% random deletion of the normal retina produced mosaics that were no different from those experimentally depleted retinas. Consequently, no evidence was found for positional regulation in the absence of normal neighbor relationships. Single cells in the ganglion cell layer were intracellularly filled with Lucifer Yellow to examine the morphology and dendritic field extent following partial ablation of the cholinergic amacrine cells. No discernable effect was found on their starburst morphology, and total dendritic field area, number of primary dendrites, and branch frequency were not significantly different. Cholinergic amacrine cells normally increase their dendritic field area after P-3 in excess of retinal expansion; despite this, the present results show that this growth is not controlled by the density of neighboring processes.

scholarly journals Random spatial patterning of cone bipolar cell mosaics in the mouse retina

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK W. KEELEY ◽  
JASON J. KIM ◽  
SAMMY C.S. LEE ◽  
SILKE HAVERKAMP ◽  
BENJAMIN E. REESE
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Statistical Properties ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Dendritic Arbors ◽  
Cone Bipolar Cells ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

AbstractRetinal bipolar cells spread their dendritic arbors to tile the retinal surface, extending them to the tips of the dendritic fields of their homotypic neighbors, minimizing dendritic overlap. Such uniform nonredundant dendritic coverage of these populations would suggest a degree of spatial order in the properties of their somal distributions, yet few studies have examined the patterning in retinal bipolar cell mosaics. The present study examined the organization of two types of cone bipolar cells in the mouse retina, the Type 2 cells and the Type 4 cells, and compared their spatial statistical properties with those of the horizontal cells and the cholinergic amacrine cells, as well as to random simulations of cells matched in density and constrained by soma size. The Delauney tessellation of each field was computed, from which nearest neighbor distances and Voronoi domain areas were extracted, permitting a calculation of their respective regularity indexes (RIs). The spatial autocorrelation of the field was also computed, from which the effective radius and packing factor (PF) were determined. Both cone bipolar cell types were found to be less regular and less efficiently packed than either the horizontal cells or cholinergic amacrine cells. Furthermore, while the latter two cell types had RIs and PFs in excess of those for their matched random simulations, the two types of cone bipolar cells had spatial statistical properties comparable to random distributions. An analysis of single labeled cone bipolar cells revealed dendritic arbors frequently skewed to one side of the soma, as would be expected from a randomly distributed population of cells with dendrites that tile. Taken together, these results suggest that, unlike the horizontal cells or cholinergic amacrine cells which minimize proximity to one another, cone bipolar cell types are constrained only by their physical size.

scholarly journals The somal patterning of the AII amacrine cell mosaic in the mouse retina is indistinguishable from random simulations matched for density and constrained by soma size

2018 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK W. KEELEY ◽  
BENJAMIN E. REESE
Keyword(s):  
Amacrine Cell ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Retinal Neurons ◽  
Soma Size ◽  
Aii Amacrine Cells ◽  
Aii Amacrine ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

AbstractThe orderly spacing of retinal neurons is commonly regarded as a characteristic feature of retinal nerve cell populations. Exemplars of this property include the horizontal cells and the cholinergic amacrine cells, where individual cells minimize the proximity to like-type neighbors, yielding regularity in the patterning of their somata. Recently, two types of retinal bipolar cells in the mouse retina were shown to exhibit an order in their somal patterning no different from density-matched simulations constrained by soma size but being otherwise randomly distributed. The present study has now extended this finding to a type of retinal amacrine cell, the AII amacrine cell. Voronoi domain analysis revealed the patterning in the population of AII amacrine somata to be no different from density-matched and soma-size-constrained random simulations, while analysis of the density recovery profile showed AII amacrine cells to exhibit a minimal intercellular spacing identical to that for those random simulations: AII amacrine somata were positioned side-by-side as often as chance would predict. Regularity indexes and packing factors (PF) were far lower than those achieved by either the horizontal cells or cholinergic amacrine cells, with PFs also being comparable to those derived from the constrained random simulations. These results extend recent findings that call into question the widespread assumption that all types of retinal neurons are assembled as regular somal arrays, and have implications for the way in which AII amacrine cells must distribute their processes to ensure a uniform coverage of the retinal surface.

scholarly journals Spatial patterning of cholinergic amacrine cells in the mouse retina

2008 ◽  
Vol 508 (1) ◽  
pp. SPC1-SPC1
Author(s):  
Irene E. Whitney ◽  
Patrick W. Keeley ◽  
Mary A. Raven ◽  
Benjamin E. Reese
Keyword(s):  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Spatial Patterning ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells
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