scholarly journals The discontinuous nature of neurofilament transport accommodates both establishment and repair of the axonal neurofilament array

Cytoskeleton ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 67-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas B. Shea ◽  
Sangmook Lee
Keyword(s):  
Discontinuous Nature ◽  
Neurofilament Transport

Variations in Skin Resistance and Their Relationship to G.S.R. Conditioning

1960 ◽  
Vol 106 (442) ◽  
pp. 281-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene Martin
Keyword(s):  
Action Potentials ◽  
Background Activity ◽  
Skin Resistance ◽  
Muscle Action ◽  
Muscle Tonus ◽  
Experimental Procedure ◽  
Discontinuous Nature ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Neural Excitation ◽  
Set Up

Any particular system which is being conditioned is likely to maintain a certain level of background activity throughout the experimental procedure; either of a discontinuous nature, as, for example, with eyeblink, heart rate and respiratory cycle, or continuously, as in the case of basal skin resistance and muscle tonus. This background activity or level of arousal does not remain constant but usually varies in time, presumably as a result of underlying neural excitation or inhibition. It may increase throughout an experiment if the subject becomes highly motivated, as with the gradients of muscle action potentials observed by Bartoshuk (1955), or decrease, if the subject becomes more relaxed and familiar with the set-up, as Duffy and Lacey (1946) found with level of skin conductance.

ON THE VALUATION OF DERIVATIVES WITH SNAPSHOT RESET FEATURES

2008 ◽  
Vol 11 (08) ◽  
pp. 905-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
ERIC C. K. YU ◽  
WILLIAM T. SHAW
Keyword(s):  
Convertible Bonds ◽  
Convertible Bond ◽  
Put Options ◽  
Risk Characteristics ◽  
Black Scholes ◽  
Barrier Type ◽  
Simple Change ◽  
Discontinuous Nature ◽  
Change Of Variable ◽  
Digital Options

We propose a general approach that requires only a simple change of variable that keeps the valuation of call and put options (convertible bonds) with strike (conversion) price resets two-dimensional in the classical Black–Scholes setting. A link between reset derivatives, compound options and "discrete barrier" type options, when there is one reset is then discussed, from which we analyze the risk characteristics of reset derivatives, which can be significantly different from their vanilla counterparts. We also generalize the prototype reset structure and show that the delta and gamma of a convertible bond with reset can both be negative. Finally, we show that the "waviness" property found in the delta and gamma of some reset derivatives is due to the discontinuous nature of the reset structure, which is closely linked to digital options.

Using precise CA-TIMS ages of volcanic air-fall tuff beds in correlating the Walloon Coal Measures of the Surat Basin, Australia

2017 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmine Wainman ◽  
Peter McCabe
Keyword(s):  
High Precision ◽  
Sedimentary Facies ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Upper Jurassic ◽  
Marine Strata ◽  
Stratigraphic Framework ◽  
Lithostratigraphic Units ◽  
Spectrometry Technique ◽  
Discontinuous Nature ◽  
Coal Measures

The Upper Jurassic Walloon Coal Measures of the Surat Basin is one of Australia’s largest and most productive gas provinces. Despite the drilling of over 8500 wells and numerous publications, the stratigraphic framework is poorly defined. The laterally discontinuous nature of the sedimentary facies, including coals and fluvial channel sandstones, makes correlation difficult. The abundance of volcanic air-fall tuff beds within strata across the basin provides a unique opportunity to independently verify existing stratigraphic frameworks. Using the high-precision chemical abrasion thermal ionisation mass spectrometry technique, zircon grains from 28 tuff beds have been successfully dated within an error margin of less than 100 kyr. These dates substantially revise biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic frameworks. Lithostratigraphic units are diachronous across the basin. In addition, the sparsity of key spore–pollen taxa limits the application of biostratigraphy. The complex interplay of climate and subsidence on facies distributions can now be documented over a time frame of ~4 Ma. Syntectonism played an important role in variable palaeodrainage patterns across the basin, the frequency of fluvial avulsions and preferential sites of peat accumulation through time. The new stratigraphic framework should aid in future exploration for coal seam gas in the area. Dating tuff beds using high-precision dating techniques should also assist in correlation of non-marine strata elsewhere in the world.

Carbon disulfide axonopathy. Another experimental model characterized by acceleration of neurofilament transport and distinct changes of axonal size

1987 ◽  
Vol 424 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Pappolla ◽  
Roxanne Penton ◽  
Harold S. Weiss ◽  
Carl H. Miller ◽  
Zarife Sahenk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Model ◽  
Carbon Disulfide ◽  
Neurofilament Transport

A robust cascaded controller for DC-DC Boost and Cuk converters

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 459-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiaz Ahmad ◽  
Akhtar Rasool ◽  
Esref Emre Ozsoy ◽  
Asif Sabanoviç ◽  
Meltem Elitas
Keyword(s):  
Sliding Mode Control ◽  
Sliding Mode ◽  
Supply Voltage ◽  
Load Resistance ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Mode Control ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Equivalent Control ◽  
Discontinuous Nature

Purpose This paper aims to propose a robust cascaded controller based on proportional-integral (PI) and continuous sliding mode control. Design/methodology/approach Cascaded control structure is an attractive control scheme for DC-DC power converters. It has a two-loop structure where the outer loop contains PI controller and the inner loop uses sliding mode control (SMC). This structure thus combines the merits of both the control schemes. However, there are some issues that have prohibited its adoption in industry, the discontinuous nature of SMC which leads to variable switching frequency operation and is hard to realize practically. This paper attempts to overcome this issue by changing the discontinuous functionality of SMC to continuous by utilizing the concept of equivalent control. Findings The robustness of the controller designed is verified by considering various cases, namely, ideal case with no uncertainties, sudden variation of input supply voltage, load resistance, reference voltage, circuit-parameters and for noise disturbance. The controller effectiveness is validated by simulating the DC-DC boost and Cuk converters in SimPowerSystems toolbox of MATLAB/Simulink. It is shown that the performance of the proposed controller is satisfactory, and both reference output voltage and inductor current are tracked with little or no sensitivity to disturbances. Originality/value The results for various scenarios are interesting and show that the controller works quite satisfactorily for all the simulated uncertainties.

scholarly journals Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis and Prevention of Intradialytic Hypotension

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 230-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank M. van der Sande ◽  
Marijke J.  Dekker ◽  
Karel M.L. Leunissen ◽  
Jeroen P. Kooman
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Organ Damage ◽  
Adverse Outcomes ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Intradialytic Hypotension ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Thermally Induced ◽  
Discontinuous Nature

Background: Intradialytic hypotension (IDH) is a common complication of haemodialysis (HD) and associated with adverse outcomes, especially when a nadir definition (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg) is used. The pathogenesis of IDH is directly linked to the discontinuous nature of the HD treatment, in combination with patient-related factors such as age, diabetes mellitus and cardiac failure. Summary: Although the decline in blood volume due to removal of fluid by ultrafiltration is the prime mover, thermally induced reflex vasodilation compromises the haemodynamic response to hypovolemia. Recent studies have stressed the relevance of changes in tissue perfusion during HD, which may translate in long-term organ damage. Monitoring changes in tissue perfusion, for which emerging evidence becomes available, appears to have great promise in the fine-tuning of the dialysis procedure. Key Messages: While it is unlikely that IDH can be completely prevented, reduction in inter-dialytic weight gain, prevention of an increase in core temperature by adjusting the dialysate temperature and more frequent or prolonged dialysis treatment remain cornerstones in providing a more comfortable and safe treatment.

Chapter 54: Biology, Genetics and Evolution

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Benítez-Burraco ◽  
Koji Fuita ◽  
Koji Hoshi ◽  
Ljiljana Progovac
Keyword(s):  
Language Evolution ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Brain Section ◽  
The Core ◽  
Discontinuous Nature ◽  
The Brain

In this Chapter we first look at the core view of the biology of language associated with Minimalism, including the Biolinguistics Program (section 2). Next, we consider research on the brain (section 3) and genetics (section 4), associated with this framework. Finally, we introduce some subsequent views of language evolution which break away from the saltationist, discontinuous nature of the mainstream approach (section 5), and draw some conclusions regarding future prospects (section 6).

scholarly journals Slowing of neurofilament transport and the radial growth of developing nerve fibers

1985 ◽  
Vol 5 (11) ◽  
pp. 2920-2929 ◽  
Author(s):  
PN Hoffman ◽  
JW Griffin ◽  
BG Gold ◽  
DL Price
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Neurofilament Transport

Dodge-Ing the Issue: Dodge, Javal, Hering, and the Measurement of Saccades in Eye-Movement Research

Perception ◽  
10.1068/p3470 ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 32 (7) ◽  
pp. 793-804 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas J Wade ◽  
Benjamin W Tatler ◽  
Dieter Heller
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Eye Position ◽  
Type I ◽  
Rapid Eye Movements ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Discontinuous Nature ◽  
Eye Movements During Reading

Dodge, in 1916, suggested that the French term ‘saccade’ should be used for describing the rapid movements of the eyes that occur while reading. Previously he had referred to these as type I movements. Javal had used the term ‘saccade’ in 1879, when describing experiments conducted in his laboratory by Lamare. Accordingly, Javal has been rightly credited with assigning the term to rapid eye movements. In English these rapid rotations had been called jerks, and they had been observed and measured before Lamare's studies of reading. Rapid sweeps of the eyes occur as one phase of nystagmus; they were observed by Wells in 1792 who used an afterimage technique, and they were illustrated by Crum Brown in 1878. Afterimages were used in nineteenth-century research on eye movements and eye position; they were also employed by Hering in 1879, to ascertain how the eyes moved during reading. In the previous year, Javal had employed afterimages in his investigations of reading, but this was to demonstrate that the eyes moved horizontally rather than vertically. Hering's and Lamare's auditory method established the discontinuous nature of eye movements during reading, and the photographic methods introduced by Dodge and others in the early twentieth century enabled their characteristics to be determined with greater accuracy.

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