A comparative study on enhancing oil recovery with partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide: Emulsion versus powder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Han ◽  
Changqing Li ◽  
Feng Pan ◽  
Yuxi Li ◽  
Yujun Feng
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽  
Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide

Temperature Dependence of the Shear-Thinning Behavior o Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide Solution for Enhanced Oil Recovery

2020 ◽  
Vol 143 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pan-Sang Kang ◽  
Jong-Se Lim ◽  
Chun Huh
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Dependence ◽  
Polymer Solution ◽  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Temperature Model ◽  
Polyacrylamide Solution ◽  
Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽  
Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide

Abstract The viscosity of injection fluid is a critical parameter that should be considered for the design and evaluation of polymer flood, which is an effective and popular technique for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). It is known that the shear-thinning behavior of EOR polymer solutions is affected by temperature. In this study, temperature dependence (25–70 °C) of the viscosity of a partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide solution, the most widely used EOR polymer for oil field applications, was measured under varying conditions of the polymer solution (polymer concentration: 500–3000 ppm, NaCl salinity: 1000–10,000 ppm). Under all conditions of the polymer solution, it was observed that the viscosity decreases with increasing temperature. The degree of temperature dependence, however, varies with the conditions of the polymer solution. Martin model and Lee correlations were used to estimate the dependence of the viscosity of the polymer solution on the polymer concentration and salinity. In this study, we proposed a new empirical model to better elucidate the temperature dependence of intrinsic viscosity. Analysis of the measured viscosities shows that the accuracy of the proposed temperature model is higher than that of the existing temperature model.

scholarly journals Comparative Study of Green and Synthetic Polymers for Enhanced Oil Recovery

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 2429
Author(s):  
Nasiru Salahu Muhammed ◽  
Md. Bashirul Haq ◽  
Dhafer Al-Shehri ◽  
Mohammad Mizanur Rahaman ◽  
Alireza Keshavarz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Polymer Flood ◽  
Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Inaccessible Pore Volume ◽  
Petrochemical Engineering

Several publications by authors in the field of petrochemical engineering have examined the use of chemically enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) technology, with a specific interest in polymer flooding. Most observations thus far in this field have been based on the application of certain chemicals and/or physical properties within this technique regarding the production of 50–60% trapped (residual) oil in a reservoir. However, there is limited information within the literature about the combined effects of this process on whole properties (physical and chemical). Accordingly, in this work, we present a clear distinction between the use of xanthan gum (XG) and hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) as a polymer flood, serving as a background for future studies. XG and HPAM have been chosen for this study because of their wide acceptance in relation to EOR processes. To this degree, the combined effect of a polymer’s rheological properties, retention, inaccessible pore volume (PV), permeability reduction, polymer mobility, the effects of salinity and temperature, and costs are all investigated in this study. Further, the generic screening and design criteria for a polymer flood with emphasis on XG and HPAM are explained. Finally, a comparative study on the conditions for laboratory (experimental), pilot-scale, and field-scale application is presented.

Flow Behavior and Viscous-Oil-Microdisplacement Characteristics of Hydrophobically Modified Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide in a Repeatable Quantitative Visualization Micromodel

SPE Journal ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (05) ◽  
pp. 1448-1466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yongjun Guo ◽  
Yan Liang ◽  
Miao Cao ◽  
Rusen Feng ◽  
Xinmin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Flow Behavior ◽  
Resistance Factors ◽  
Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽  
Viscous Oil ◽  
Hydrophobically Modified ◽  
Quantitative Visualization ◽  
Monomer Content ◽  
Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽  
Flow Experiments

Summary To profoundly investigate the flow behavior and viscous-oil-microdisplacement characteristics of hydrophobically modified partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides (HMHPAMs) as well as the effect of associating monomer content on those behaviors and characteristics, compared with partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM), the flow experiments through three serial mounted flat-sand-inclusion micromodels and the viscous-oil-microdisplacement experiments in both homogeneous and interstratified connected heterogeneous repeatable quantitative visualization micromodels were conducted by use of a series of polymers with varied associating monomer content (0–1.0 mol%) at similar viscosity within all shear rates concerned. The results obtained from flow experiments show that the resistance factors (RFs) and residual resistance factors (RRFs) generated by HMHPAMs were noticeably higher than those of HPAM, and the RFs and RRFs exhibited significant permeability dependence and increased with associating monomer content. The greater RFs and RRFs for associative polymer might not be mainly caused by polymer adsorption or retention but mostly caused by increasing aggregate sizes. At concerned permeabilities (1.1–6.1 µm2), all injections of HMHPAMs could tend to be stable, which indicates that all HMHPAMs could propagate deep into the porous media. The viscous-oil-microdisplacement experiments regarding the visualization micromodels with varied permeabilities (and permeability contrasts) provide new insights into the viscous-oil-microdisplacement characteristics of HMHPAMs, such as the piston-like displacement and profile modification. In homogeneous models, under different permeabilities (1.1–6.1 µm2), the variations of final viscous-oil recovery first increased and then decreased as a function of increasing hydrophobe content, and the hydrophobe content of the polymer to obtain maximum oil recovery enhanced with increasing permeability. This might qualitatively indicate that a constant permeability matches an optimal content of hydrophobic groups. At permeability contrast of approximately three, the HMHPAM with lower hydrophobe content (0.2 mol%) could obtain the maximum viscous-oil recovery. In contrast, the maximum viscous-oil recovery was achieved by the HMHPAM with higher hydrophobe content (1.0 mol%) at a contrast of approximately five. The HMHPAM with higher content of hydrophobic groups is suitable for the significant heterogeneity.

Prediction of Viscosity for Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide Solutions in the Presence of Calcium and Magnesium Ions

1981 ◽  
Vol 21 (05) ◽  
pp. 623-631 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.S. Ward ◽  
F. David Martin
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Divalent Cations ◽  
Polymer Concentration ◽  
Solution Viscosity ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽  
Lower Shear ◽  
Total Ionic Strength ◽  
Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide

Abstract Loss of solution viscosity in water of increasing ionic strength is a major problem encountered in the use of the partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide polymers for improved oil recovery. It is recognized widely that the viscosity loss is more drastic in the presence of multivalent cations than is observed for sodium ions. There is, however, little information available on the relationships between total ionic strength, concentrations of multivalent cations, and solution viscosities.The purpose of this study is to establish relationships between total ionic strength, concentration of calcium or magnesium ions, polymer concentration, and the resulting viscosity for partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamides with varying degrees of hydrolysis. Solutions at constant ionic strength with varying ratios of calcium or magnesium to sodium ions are compared, and the loss of viscosity as a function of the fraction of divalent cations in the system is determined. For shear rates in the power-law region, the fractional loss in viscosity is a function of the fraction of multivalent cations and, in the range studied, is independent of the total ionic strength. A more complicated relationship is found at lower shear rates where the fractional viscosity loss does vary with total ionic strength.The relationship in the power-law region should prove valuable in predicting viscosities on the basis of the dependence of viscosity on ionic strength and on multivalent cation concentration at a single ionic strength, eliminating the need for many individual measurements of viscosity. More work is needed before useful predictions will be possible at lower shear rates. Introduction Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) polymers are currently the most widely used mobility control polymers for secondary and tertiary oil recovery. Small quantities of HPAM can increase the viscosity of water by two or more orders of magnitude in the absence of added electrolytes. This phenomenal increase in viscosity results from the extremely high molecular weight of these polymers and repulsion between the negative charges along the polymer chain, resulting in maximum chain extension. The latter mechanism leads to one of the greater disadvantages of using HPAM in an oil reservoir. In the presence of the electrolyte molecules in typical oilfield brines, negative charges along the polymer chain are screened from each other by association with cations from the solution. The polymer chains no longer are extended fully, and solution viscosity decreases. Mungan observed that divalent cations have a more pronounced effect on viscosity than univalent cations when compared on the basis of equal weights of the chloride salts.Viscosities have been reported for HPAM solutions in sodium chloride brines of varying strength as well as for solutions in brines containing CaCl2 or MgCl2. Some viscosities also have been reported for solutions in brines containing both sodium and calcium ions, but no systematic study of the viscosity trends in brines with more than one type of cation has been reported.The purpose of this study is to investigate HPAM solutions with varying ratios of univalent to divalent cations and to establish trends of the solution viscosities for different values of degree of polymer hydrolysis, polymer concentration, and total ionic strength. Such trends are useful for predicting a wide range of viscosities from a few basic measurements. SPEJ P. 623^

Study on HPAM Biodegradation in the Wastewater of an Oilfield

2013 ◽  
Vol 364 ◽  
pp. 640-644 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing Guo Chen ◽  
Mu Tai Bao ◽  
Mei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Synergetic Effects ◽  
Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽  
Degradation Temperature ◽  
Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide ◽  
Recovery Methods

The present paper studies the biodegradability of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) resulting from the waste water of an oil field after carrying out chemically based oil recovery methods. Three aerobic bacteria strains, PM-1, PM-2, PM-3 and PM-4 were isolated from the wastewater. The results indicated that PM-2, PM-3 and PM-4 had better degradability on HPAM. PM-4 showed antagonism to two other strains, whereas PM-2 and PM-3 showed synergetic effects. Primary optimized HPAM degradation conditions of mixed PM-2 and PM-3 were 35 °C ~ 45 °C of degradation temperature and 5.5~7.5 of pH. The mixed PM-2 and PM-3 showed alternative in different media and their different growth stage.

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