ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Compounds and Toxicological Assessments of Drinking Water Stored in Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Bottles: A Source of Controversy Reviewed

ChemInform ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. no-no ◽  
Author(s):  
Cristina Bach ◽  
Xavier Dauchy ◽  
Marie-Christine Chagnon ◽  
Serge Etienne
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Pet Bottles

scholarly journals Identification of Potential Migrants in Polyethylene Terephthalate Samples of Ecuadorian Market

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (21) ◽  
pp. 3769
Author(s):  
Karina Marín-Morocho ◽  
Sandra Domenek ◽  
Rómulo Salazar
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Degradation Products ◽  
Safety Evaluation ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Mass Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Recycled Pet ◽  
Spectrometry Analysis ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Pet Bottles

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is the plastic packaging material most widely used to produce bottles intended for contact with food and beverages. However, PET is not inert, and therefore, some chemical compounds present in PET could migrate to food or beverages in contact, leading to safety issues. To evaluate the safety of PET samples, the identification of potential migrants is required. In this work, eight PET samples obtained from the Ecuadorian market at different phases of processing were studied using a well-known methodology based on a solvent extraction followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis and overall migration test. Several chemical compounds were identified and categorized as lubricants (carboxylic acids with chain length of C12 to C18), plasticizers (triethyl phosphate, diethyl phthalate), thermal degradation products (p-xylene, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid), antioxidant degradation products (from Irgafos 168 and Irganox), and recycling indicator compounds (limonene, benzophenone, alkanes, and aldehydes). Additionally, overall migration experiments were performed in PET bottles, resulting in values lower than the overall migration limit (10 mg/dm2); however, the presence of some compounds identified in the samples could be related to contamination during manufacturing or to the use of recycled PET-contaminated flakes. In this context, the results obtained in this study could be of great significance to the safety evaluation of PET samples in Ecuador and would allow analyzing the PET recycling processes and avoiding contamination by PET flakes from nonfood containers.

scholarly journals Microbiological Evaluation of 5 L- and 20 L-Transparent Polypropylene Buckets for Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS)

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 2193 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Inmaculada Polo-López ◽  
Azahara Martínez-García ◽  
Maria Jesus Abeledo-Lameiro ◽  
Hipolito H. Gómez-Couso ◽  
Elvira E. Ares-Mazás ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Inactivation Kinetics ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Solar Water ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Solar Water Disinfection

Background: Solar water disinfection (SODIS) is an appropriate technology for household treatment of drinking water in low-to-middle-income communities, as it is effective, low cost and easy to use. Nevertheless, uptake is low due partially to the burden of using small volume polyethylene terephthalate bottles (1.5–2 L). A major challenge is to develop a low-cost transparent container for disinfecting larger volumes of water. (2) Methods: This study examines the capability of transparent polypropylene (PP) buckets of 5 L- and 20 L- volume as SODIS containers using three waterborne pathogen indicators: Escherichia coli, MS2-phage and Cryptosporidium parvum. (3) Results: Similar inactivation kinetics were observed under natural sunlight for the inactivation of all three organisms in well water using 5 L- and 20 L-buckets compared to 1.5 L-polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) bottles. The PP materials were exposed to natural and accelerated solar ageing (ISO-16474). UV transmission of the 20 L-buckets remained stable and with physical integrity even after the longest ageing periods (9 months or 900 h of natural or artificial solar UV exposure, respectively). The 5 L-buckets were physically degraded and lost significant UV-transmission, due to the thinner wall compared to the 20 L-bucket. (4) Conclusion: This work demonstrates that the 20 L SODIS bucket technology produces excellent bacterial, viral and protozoan inactivation and is obtained using a simple transparent polypropylene bucket fabricated locally at very low cost ($2.90 USD per unit). The increased bucket volume of 20 L allows for a ten-fold increase in treatment batch volume and can thus more easily provide for the drinking water requirements of most households. The use of buckets in households across low to middle income countries is an already accepted practice.

scholarly journals A preliminary Ames fluctuation assay assessment of the genotoxicity of drinking water that has been solar disinfected in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 712-719 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eunice Ubomba-Jaswa ◽  
Pilar Fernández-Ibáñez ◽  
Kevin G. McGuigan
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Fluctuation Test ◽  
Solar Exposure ◽  
Genotoxic Compounds ◽  
Ames Fluctuation Test ◽  
Temperature Storage

Though microbially safe, concerns have been raised about the genotoxic/mutagenic quality of solar-disinfected drinking water, which might be compromised as a result of photodegradation of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles used as SODIS reactors. This study assessed genotoxic risk associated with the possible release of genotoxic compounds into water from PET bottles during SODIS, using the Ames fluctuation test. Negative genotoxicity results were obtained for water samples that had been in PET bottles and exposed to normal SODIS conditions (strong natural sunlight) over 6 months. Under SODIS conditions, bottles were exposed to 6 h of sunlight, followed by overnight room temperature storage. They were then emptied and refilled the following day and exposed to sunlight again. Genotoxicity was detected after 2 months in water stored in PET bottles and exposed continuously (without refilling) to sunlight for a period ranging from 1 to 6 months. However, similar genotoxicity results were also observed for the dark control (without refill) samples at the same time-point and in no other samples after that time; therefore it is unlikely that this genotoxicity event is related to solar exposure.

scholarly journals Effect of Contact Time on the Level of Phthalates in Polyethylene Terephthalate-bottled Water from the Point of Sale

2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Rasid Hazira ◽  
Ungku Zainal Abidin Ungku Fatimah ◽  
Selamat Jinap ◽  
Syaliza Omar ◽  
Maimunah Sanny
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Contact Time ◽  
Mineral Water ◽  
Internal Standard ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Point Of Sale ◽  
Pet Bottles ◽  
Glass Bottles ◽  
The Difference

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of contact time on the level of phthalates in polyethylene terephthalate (PET)-bottled water commercially available on the market. Different water types (drinking water, mineral water, and sparkling water) in PET bottles and mineral water in glass bottles were collected. Control (before bottling) and freshly produced (0-month) samples were collected at manufacturing sites. In contrast, samples at 6, 12, and 18 months of contact times were collected randomly from hypermarkets and supermarkets in Klang Valley, Malaysia. The samples were analyzed using LC-MS/MS with deuterated DEHP as the internal standard. DEHP, DMP, DEP, DnOP, and BBP were not detected in drinking, mineral, and sparkling water in both PET and glass bottles. However, DBP was detected within the range of 0.68 to 1.11 ng/mL for mineral water and 0.55 to 0.59 ng/ mL for drinking water in PET bottles. All types of phthalates, including DBP, were not detected in the control and 0-month samples. DBP was detected at 0.59 ng/mL at 6 months of contact time and 0.55 ng/mL at 12 months of contact time in PET-bottled drinking water samples; the difference, however, was not significant. It appears that contact time did not significantly affect DBP levels.

Anthropology and Environmental Problems in the U.S.: The Case of Groundwater Contamination

1988 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 5-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janet Fitchen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Underground Storage ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Storage Tanks ◽  
Agricultural Chemicals ◽  
Underground Storage Tanks ◽  
Industrial Operations ◽  
Improper Use ◽  
The U.S

Chemical contamination of groundwater has become increasingly prevalent in the U.S. Once thought to be safe from pollution, the underground aquifers that supply drinking water to about half of the U.S. population are now known to be vulnerable to contamination from leaking landfills, waste lagoons, underground storage tanks, improper use of agricultural chemicals, and various industrial operations. Manufactured chemical compounds, including industrial degreasers and solvents, as well as gasoline, pesticides and fertilizers (in all, over 700 synthetic organic chemicals) have seeped down through the soil to the aquifers and been detected in ground water. Nearly every state has identified cases of contamination serious enough to require closing of some public or private supply wells.

scholarly journals Chemistry and Microbiology of Urban Roof Runoff in Kraków, Poland with Ecological and Health Risk Implications

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8554
Author(s):  
Magdalena Strzebońska ◽  
Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska ◽  
Anna Kostka
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Chemical Compounds ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Acceptable Level ◽  
Roof Runoff ◽  
Toxicity Potential ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Permissible Levels

Urban rainwater samples, collected in various districts of Kraków during the period from the spring of 2019 to the winter of 2020, were investigated, and relevant risk implications were assessed. The contents of 31 components were determined, including: bacteria, fungi, pH, EC, Cl-, N-NO3, P-PO4, SO42-, SiO2, K, Mg, Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, K, Mg, Mo, Na, Pb, Sb, and Zn. The highest contents of the investigated elements were determined in the industrial (eastern) part of Kraków. The values of toxicity potential were <1, indicating a lack of ecological risk. The value of contamination degree indicated moderate rainwater contamination in all analyzed elements (Cdeg = 9.44). The total non-carcinogenic risk values, in both adults (hazard quotient (HQ) = 1.38) and children (HQ = 2.54), exceeded the acceptable level of one. Regarding individual elements in dermal contact, the acceptable level of 1 × 10−6 was exceeded in Pb (adults carcinogenic risk (CR) = 4.87 × 10−5, children CR = 2.23 × 10−5). The contents of the analyzed chemical compounds did not exceed the permissible levels adopted for drinking water; however, rainwater was significantly contaminated with respect to its microbiological parameters. Rainwater was suitable for non-potable use.

Effects of storage temperature and duration on release of antimony and bisphenol A from polyethylene terephthalate drinking water bottles of China

2014 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 113-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-Ying Fan ◽  
Jian-Lun Zheng ◽  
Jing-Hua Ren ◽  
Jun Luo ◽  
Xin-Yi Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Bisphenol A ◽  
Polyethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Storage Temperature
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