ChemInform Abstract: ACETALS AND ETHERS - XIII. REACTION PRODUCTS OF 2-BUTENAL WITH ETHYLENE GLYCOL

1985 ◽  
Vol 16 (15) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. PIASECKI
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Reaction Products

Hydrogenolysis of glucose and fructose in glycol solutions over CuO-MgO-ZrO2 catalyst

2020 ◽  
pp. 48-55
Author(s):  
M.E. Sharanda ◽  
◽  
E.A. Bondarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Propylene Glycol ◽  
Flow Reactor ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Renewable Raw Materials ◽  
High Partial Pressure ◽  
Zro2 Catalyst ◽  
Phase Process

Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are important representatives of polyols. On an industrial scale, they are obtained from petrochemical raw materials. Within a decade, significant efforts were made for the producing of polyols from biologically renewable raw materials - carbohydrates. The general trend for carbohydrate hydrogenolysis includes application of liquid-phase process with the use of modified metal-oxide catalysts, at 120-120 ° C and pressure of 3MPa or above. So high pressure is used for the reason to increase hydrogen solubility, and also due to the high partial pressure of low boiling solvents. We supposed that usage of high boiling solvents could allow hydrogenolysis to be performed at the lower pressure. Ethylene glycol and propylene glycol are of particular interest as such kind of solvent since they are both the main products of glucose hydrogenolysis. In this work, the process of hydrogenolysis of glucose and fructose over Cu / MgO-ZrO2 catalyst have been studied at temperature range of 160-200 °C and a pressure of 0.1-0.3 MPa in a flow reactor. The solvents were simultaneously the target products of the reaction - ethylene glycol and / or propylene glycol. Gas chromatography and 13C NMR were used for the reaction products identification. It was found that the solubility of glucose in propylene glycol is 21 % by weight, and in ethylene glycol 62% by weight. It was pointed out that the process of hydrogenolysis can take place at a pressure close to atmospheric. Under these conditions, the conversion of hexoses reaches 96-100 %. The reaction products are preferably propylene glycol and ethylene glycol. The total selectivity for C3-2 polyols is 90-94 %, that is higher than in the hydrogenolysis of glucose in aqueous solution.

Effect of non-swelling layers on the dissolution of reduced-charge montmorillonite in hydrochloric acid

Clay Minerals ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-345 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Komadel ◽  
J. Bujdák ◽  
J. Madejová ◽  
V. Šucha ◽  
F. Elsass
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Solid Reaction ◽  
Acid Dissolution ◽  
Surface Areas ◽  
Glycol Monoethyl Ether ◽  
Xrd Patterns

AbstractA series of reduced-charge montmorillonites (RCM), prepared from the same parent Li-montmorillonite (Jelšový Potok, Slovakia) by heating at various temperatures (105–210°C) for 24 h, was treated with 6 m HCl at 95°C for periods up to 30 h. Reaction solutions obtained were analysed for Al, Fe, Mg and Li and the solid reaction products were investigated by FTIR spectroscopy. Both analyses provided evidence that the extent of dissolution decreased with increased amounts of Li fixed within the montmorillonite structure, i.e. with increased heating temperature. Differences in the acid dissolution process were reflected in the structural changes which occurred within the RCM samples, due presumably to different positions of fixed Li. The ethylene glycol monoethyl ether (EGME) surface areas, and XRD and HRTEM analyses of the RCM series revealed an increased amount of non-swelling layers in the samples prepared at higher temperatures, which caused a substantially slower decomposition of M7 and M8 in HCl. The calculated XRD patterns of M6 and M7 confirmed the presence of 20% and 45% pyrophyllite-like layers, respectively, in these samples. Mixed-layer pyrophyllite-like-smectite and pyrophyllite-like crystals, containing only non-swelling layers, were found in sample M8. The results confirmed that the amount of swelling layers in RCM significantly affects their dissolution rate in HCl.

scholarly journals THE ULTRASTRUCTURAL LOCALIZATION OF CYTOCHROME c-OXIDASE COMPLEX IN A LIPID-RETAINING, GLUTARALDEHYDE-UREA EMBEDMENT

1974 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 1019-1027 ◽  
Author(s):  
IZHAK NIR ◽  
DANIEL C. PEASE
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Ultrastructural Localization ◽  
Precise Localization ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Mitochondrial Membranes ◽  
En Bloc ◽  
Fresh Tissue ◽  
Fixed Tissue ◽  
Ultrathin Sections

Kidney tissue, incubated in a phosphate-sucrose buffer with diaminobenzidine (DAB), subsequently was embedded in polymerized glutaraldehyde-urea (Pease and Peterson, 1972). The highly polar character of this embedment retains lipids in ultrathin sections and thus permits a precise localization of reaction products in relation to cytomembranes. Furthermore, since conventional organic solvents are not used during processing, it is thought that oxidized DAB polymers certainly remain in place. Their density can be enhanced by exposing mounted sections to OsO4 vapor, rather than by en bloc staining. DAB oxidation takes place only in the compartment between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. When aldehyde-fixed tissue is incubated, the deposits are largely limited to the intracristal spaces, whereas when fresh tissue is incubated, the entire compartment is uniformly filled. Morphologic features of fresh, unfixed tissue are stabilized by ethylene glycol and so survive incubation best when about 30% of this substance is added to the medium.

scholarly journals First Principles Study of Reactions in Alucone Growth: the Role of the Organic Precursor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arbresha Muriqi ◽  
Michael Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Triethylene Glycol ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Tetraethylene Glycol ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Organic Precursor

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials are a unique class of materials with properties driven by the organic and inorganic components, making them useful for flexible devices. Molecular layer deposition (MLD) offers novel pathways for the fabrication of such hybrids by using inorganic metal precursors and the vast range of organic molecules with tunable properties. To investigate and understand the mechanism of growth a combination of theoretical and experimental data is needed. In this contribution, we present a first principles investigation of the molecular mechanism of the growth of hybrid organic−inorganic thin films of aluminium alkoxides, known as “alucones” grown by MLD. We explore the interactions between precursors by analyzing the MLD reaction products of the alumina surface terminated with Al(CH<sub>3</sub>) groups after the trimethyl aluminium pulse; this yields monomethyl-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (Al-CH<sub>3</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and dimethyl- Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (Al(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>- Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) terminated surfaces. The organic precursors are ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol (TEG) and tetraethylene glycol (FEG). A detailed comparison with alucones grown with ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol (GL) precursors is presented to assist the interpretation of experimental findings regarding the differences in the hybrid films grown by EG and GL. The results show that Al-O formation with release of methane is favorable for all precursors. EG and GL can lie flat and create so-called double reactions through the reaction of the two terminal hydroxyl groups with the surface fragments. This phenomenon removes active hydroxyl sites for EG. However, for GL the third hydroxyl group is available and growth can proceed. This analysis shows the origin of differences in thickness of alucones found for EG and GL.

scholarly journals First Principles Study of Reactions in Alucone Growth: the Role of the Organic Precursor

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arbresha Muriqi ◽  
Michael Nolan
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
First Principles ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Triethylene Glycol ◽  
Detailed Comparison ◽  
Hydroxyl Group ◽  
Tetraethylene Glycol ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Organic Precursor

Organic-inorganic hybrid materials are a unique class of materials with properties driven by the organic and inorganic components, making them useful for flexible devices. Molecular layer deposition (MLD) offers novel pathways for the fabrication of such hybrids by using inorganic metal precursors and the vast range of organic molecules with tunable properties. To investigate and understand the mechanism of growth a combination of theoretical and experimental data is needed. In this contribution, we present a first principles investigation of the molecular mechanism of the growth of hybrid organic−inorganic thin films of aluminium alkoxides, known as “alucones” grown by MLD. We explore the interactions between precursors by analyzing the MLD reaction products of the alumina surface terminated with Al(CH<sub>3</sub>) groups after the trimethyl aluminium pulse; this yields monomethyl-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (Al-CH<sub>3</sub>-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) and dimethyl- Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (Al(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>- Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) terminated surfaces. The organic precursors are ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), triethylene glycol (TEG) and tetraethylene glycol (FEG). A detailed comparison with alucones grown with ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol (GL) precursors is presented to assist the interpretation of experimental findings regarding the differences in the hybrid films grown by EG and GL. The results show that Al-O formation with release of methane is favorable for all precursors. EG and GL can lie flat and create so-called double reactions through the reaction of the two terminal hydroxyl groups with the surface fragments. This phenomenon removes active hydroxyl sites for EG. However, for GL the third hydroxyl group is available and growth can proceed. This analysis shows the origin of differences in thickness of alucones found for EG and GL.

scholarly journals DESCRIPTION OF THE INDUSTRIAL PROCESS ETHYLENE ACETOXYLATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 33-35
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Industrial Process ◽  
Main Reaction ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Production Stages

The article is devoted to the essence of the acetoxylation process. The types of the process, their main differences, the advantages of each are considered. The corresponding reactions, conditions, catalysts, mechanisms and production stages are given. The main reaction products are described and characterized: vinyl acetate and ethylene glycol.

scholarly journals Preparation of metallic bismuth by reduction of bismuth formates in ethylene glycol medium

2021 ◽  
Vol 340 ◽  
pp. 01014
Author(s):  
Kseniya V. Mishchenko ◽  
Yurii M. Yukhin
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Gradual Increase ◽  
Spherical Particles ◽  
Metal Powders ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Monoclinic Modification ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Metallic Bismuth

Nano -and microcrystalline bismuth metal powders consisting of spherical particles with a size of 150-250 nm were obtained by reducing bismuth formates in an ethylene glycol medium. The phase composition and morphology of the obtained reaction products were studied by X-ray phase and thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Using Uv-vis, it was shown that a bismuth-ethylene glycol complex is formed with an absorption maximum at 249 nm and an extinction coefficient of 5.7×103 (L mol-1 cm-1) in a solution of chloric acid at 23°C. The concentration of bismuth enhances to 0.018 g L-1 in the ethylene glycol medium with a gradual increase in the temperature to 60°C of the reaction mixture. Thermolysis of bismuth glycolate with a composition of Bi2(OCH2CH2O)3 is accompanied by the formation of metallic bismuth at 190°C, which is oxidized to a monoclinic modification of bismuth oxide when the temperature increases in the air.

scholarly journals Hydrothermal redox synthesis of cobalt and manganese spinels using metal nitrates

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (10) ◽  
pp. 116-123
Author(s):  
Aygul A. Mammadova ◽  
◽  
Sevinj N. Osmanova ◽  
Sabira A. Agayeva ◽  
Aydar A. Mejidov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Manganese Oxide ◽  
Spinel Phase ◽  
Manganese Carbonate ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Particle Sizes ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Temperature Range ◽  
Hydrothermal Reduction

The hydrothermal reduction of cobalt, manganese and lithium nitrates with ethylene glycol was studied in the temperature range 100-270 оС in order to obtain nanostructured spinels. The phase composition, particle sizes of the reaction products, and their morphology studied by using IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry, and scanning electron microscopy. We found that the nature of the reaction product of manganese and cobalt nitrates with ethylene glycol (EG) depends on the reaction temperature, the ratio of metal nitrate: ethylene glycol and reaction time. In excess of the reducing agent at temperatures up to 140 оС, observed the formation of metal oxalates. The main product of hydrothermal reduction of manganese nitrate with ethylene glycol at temperatures of 150 оC and 180 оC is manganese oxide Mn3O4 (Hausmanite). At 200 оС obtained the mixture of manganese oxide (Mn3O4) and carbonate (MnCO3). In accordance with the data of X-ray phase analysis at 220 оС and 240 оС, the only reaction product in both cases is manganese carbonate. It was obtained two types of structures on electron-microscopic images of the non-calcined sample at 200 оC: needle-shaped and spherical clusters. It can be assumed that these structures belong to the phases Mn3O4 (Hausmanite) and manganese carbonate MnCO3, respectively. When reduced cobalt nitrate with ethylene glycol in the temperature range 120-220 оC, gives a main amorphous phase, and on X-ray diffraction patterns are observed weak reflections corresponding to cobalt oxide Co3O4. It was shown that upon calcination (at 750 оС) of the samples during the reduction of the mixture of cobalt and manganese nitrates, was obtained the spinel phase of the composition (Co,Mn)(Co,Mn)2O4. In a similar way were obtained Li2CoMn3O8 and LiCoO2 phases (with average particle sizes of 42 nm and 30 nm), which can be used as cathodes in lithium batteries.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document