What are the benefits and harms of long-term combined continuous hormone replacement therapy for postmenopausal women with cardiovascular disease?

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Hormone Replacement

Effects of Long-Term Oral Hormone Replacement Therapy on Plasma Nitric Oxide and Beta-Endorphin Levels in Postmenopausal Women

2002 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 196-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
Süleyman Engin Akhan ◽  
Tülin Gürel ◽  
Recep Has ◽  
Ahmet Cem Iyibozkurt ◽  
Abdullah Turfanda
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Beta Endorphin

Long-term Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Doppler-derived Parameters of Aortic Flow in Postmenopausal Women

CHEST Journal ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 102 (5) ◽  
pp. 1496-1498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amos Pines ◽  
Enrique Z. Fisman ◽  
Daniel Ayalon ◽  
Yaacov Drory ◽  
Mordechai Averbuch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Aortic Flow ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy Type and Route of Administration on Plasma Matrix Metalloproteinases and Their Tissue Inhibitors in Postmenopausal Women

2006 ◽  
Vol 91 (8) ◽  
pp. 3123-3130 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Lewandowski ◽  
J. Komorowski ◽  
D. P. Mikhalidis ◽  
M. Bienkiewicz ◽  
B. K. Tan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Hormone Replacement Therapy ◽  
Matrix Metalloproteinases ◽  
Replacement Therapy ◽  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Tissue Inhibitors ◽  
Healthy Women ◽  
Transdermal Estradiol

Abstract Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are implicated in numerous disease states including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Because recent studies have shown a detrimental effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular disease and breast cancer, we investigated whether there are any differences in the concentrations of MMPs and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in women receiving various forms of postmenopausal therapy. Material and Methods: A total of 195 healthy postmenopausal women were assessed: 46 were taking tibolone, 47 were taking transdermal estradiol, 46 were taking conjugated equine estrogens (CEE), and 56 were not taking any menopausal therapy (CTR). Plasma levels of MMP-2 and -9 and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 were measured by ELISA methods. Results: MMP-9 levels were significantly higher in the CEE group in comparison with healthy women not receiving menopausal therapy (P < 0.05). In contrast, MMP-9 levels in the tibolone group were significantly lower than in any other group (P < 0.01, compared with transdermal estradiol and CTR, and P < 0.001, compared with CEE). MMP-9 to TIMP-1 ratio was also significantly higher in the CEE, compared with CTR (P < 0.05), and lower in the tibolone group (P < 0.01, compared with all groups). MMP-2 levels were higher in the CEE group, compared with healthy women not receiving any menopausal therapy, and women taking tibolone (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Our study demonstrates differential effects of various forms of postmenopausal therapy on serum levels of MMP-9 and MMP-2. It remains to be established whether these differences might be associated with differences in risks of cardiovascular disease and cancer in these women.

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