A survey of people's attitudes and beliefs about false confessions

2008 ◽  
Vol 26 (5) ◽  
pp. 555-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda A. Henkel ◽  
Kimberly A. J. Coffman ◽  
Elizabeth M. Dailey, B.A.
Keyword(s):  
False Confessions ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
People’S Attitudes

scholarly journals SCALES FOR MEASURING AGEISM AS EXPERIENCED BY OLDER ADULTS: LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGICAL CRITIQUE

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S245-S245
Author(s):  
Hyun Kang
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Rigorous Analysis ◽  
Growing Body ◽  
People’S Attitudes

Abstract A growing body of research shows that ageism negatively affects older adults’ psychological well-being and even physical functioning. However, the tools to measure ageism as experienced by older adults are not well developed. This study reviewed the literature on ageism scale with an emphasis on the methodological issues. Most standardized ageism scales have focused on younger people’s attitudes and beliefs toward older adults. We found only one standardized scale that examined how older adults felt and thought about their experiences being treated as a stereotype. However, the scale is incomplete because it does not fully measure ageism and it has received far less rigorous analysis. Many studies have adopted and revised ageism scales that were developed specifically to measure younger people’s attitudes toward older adults, meaning that the scales’ validity has been problematic when administered to older adults. Furthermore, many studies that discussed older adults’ experience of ageism used uni-dimensional or simple measures. Although significant efforts have been made to outline ageism’s various dimensions and constructs, these efforts have not led to a common consensus on ageism and its characteristics. Lack of consensus, in turn, makes it harder to develop a standardized scale. Finally, existing scales are more suitable for Western societies. Socio-cultural uniqueness has not been considered when developing scales, nor has the scales’ cross-cultural reliability and validity been tested. Our findings suggest that a new scale that applies only to measuring ageism as perceived by older adults and corresponds to the significant dimensions of ageism must be developed.

scholarly journals Key Skills in Business Communication - Persuasion

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-50
Author(s):  
Elena Ciortescu
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Public Speaking ◽  
Business Students ◽  
Oral Communication ◽  
Business Communication ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Persuasive Strategies ◽  
Key Skills ◽  
People’S Attitudes

While public speaking has been acknowledged as art due to the power it exerts in affecting people’s attitudes and beliefs, the relevance of the ability to persuade goes well beyond the area of oral communication. People need to persuade their peers on both personal and professional matters. Consequently, if we refer to the area we are particularly interested in, i.e. business, we may assume that persuasion is undoubtedly among the skills that students need to acquire in order to cope with the challenges which occur in various professional (and not only) contexts. Consequently, the aim of this paper is to explore the areas which require the use of persuasive strategies and to discuss the means by which business students could be enabled to acquire the ability to successfully use them. In the first part of the paper, the main theoretical aspects related to communication, business communication and persuasion will be discussed. In the second part of the paper, some strategies for developing persuasion skills among business students will be identified. Finally, conclusions on the best practices in dealing with persuasion in Business communication classes will be drawn.

scholarly journals A Community-Based Investigation of Stigma Toward Individuals Receiving Methadone Maintenance Treatment in China: A Randomized Case Vignette Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qijian Deng ◽  
Maorong Hu ◽  
Fang Yu ◽  
Qiaosheng Liu ◽  
Wei Hao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
Methadone Maintenance Treatment ◽  
Maintenance Treatment ◽  
Methadone Maintenance ◽  
Case Vignette ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Related Stigma ◽  
People’S Attitudes ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Background: Even though methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) is effective and widely recommended, it is widely misunderstood and stigmatized. This study aimed to explore people's attitudes and beliefs toward MMT, and stigmatization of MMT patients in China.Methods: This randomized, vignette-based study enrolled 1,066 household respondents (552 males and 514 females, response rate is 88.83%, 86.00% in vignette 1 and 91.66% in vignette 2) from two communities in China. Respondents initially completed questionnaires on sociodemographic characteristics and their knowledge about methadone and MMT. They were then randomly assigned to vignette 1 (described a patient receiving MMT) or vignette 2 (described a patient receiving amlodipine treatment). The labeling, stereotyping, and social distance toward the individual described in the vignettes were evaluated.Results: In these two vignettes, respondents showed a significantly higher level of stigma and discrimination toward the patient receiving MMT than the patient receiving amlodipine treatment. Approximately 60% of respondents believed that methadone is a type of addictive drug and that participating in MMT is a way to get high. Over 60% of respondents labeled the heroin-dependent patient who is receiving MMT as an addict even though the patient has not used heroin for several years; about 80% of them believed that the patient has undesirable characteristics and expressed a strong desire for social distance.Conclusions: People's misunderstanding of MMT, and stigmatization of MMT patients were very common among populations in the communities in China. To maximize MMT patients benefiting from MMT programs, more efforts are needed to minimize the impact of MMT-related stigma.

Culture, spirituality, religion, and ritual

2021 ◽  
pp. 44-56
Author(s):  
Erica Brown ◽  
Mary Ann Muckaden ◽  
Nokuzola Mndende
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Southern Africa ◽  
Cultural Sensitivity ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Death And Dying ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Spiritual Beliefs ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
People’S Attitudes

Culture, religion, and spiritual beliefs can profoundly affect the ways in which families cope with caring for a child living with a life-shortening illness. These patterns and belief systems may also impact how families navigate decisions and make sense of death and dying. People’s attitudes and beliefs affect the way in which they respond to others, particularly those whose views and lifestyles are different from their own. To be effective, caring professions need to be aware of their own social mores, prejudices, and worldview. Cultural sensitivity is required to comprehensively support a child and family especially at the end of life (EOL). The chapter starts by defining key concepts and then describes some common worldviews and religions with particular relevance to children’s palliative care and ends with an example from the traditional perspective from southern Africa.

Self-Affirmation and Identity-Driven Political Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Benjamin A. Lyons ◽  
Christina E. Farhart ◽  
Michael P. Hall ◽  
John Kotcher ◽  
Matthew Levendusky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
The Self ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Research Teams ◽  
Null Results ◽  
News Sources ◽  
Policy Attitudes ◽  
Research Designs ◽  
Conspiracy Beliefs ◽  
People’S Attitudes

Abstract Psychological attachment to political parties can bias people’s attitudes, beliefs, and group evaluations. Studies from psychology suggest that self-affirmation theory may ameliorate this problem in the domain of politics on a variety of outcome measures. We report a series of studies conducted by separate research teams that examine whether a self-affirmation intervention affects a variety of outcomes, including political or policy attitudes, factual beliefs, conspiracy beliefs, affective polarization, and evaluations of news sources. The different research teams use a variety of self-affirmation interventions, research designs, and outcomes. Despite these differences, the research teams consistently find that self-affirmation treatments have little effect. These findings suggest considerable caution is warranted for researchers who wish to apply the self-affirmation framework to studies that investigate political attitudes and beliefs. By presenting the “null results” of separate research teams, we hope to spark a discussion about whether and how the self-affirmation paradigm should be applied to political topics.

scholarly journals Knowledge, attitudes and beliefs on organ donation among students and lecturers in Quito, Ecuador

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
S P Lima dos Santos ◽  
C A Rueda Gómez ◽  
M J Fernández ◽  
J Vallejo
Keyword(s):  
Organ Donation ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Waiting List ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Catholic University ◽  
Validated Questionnaire ◽  
People’S Attitudes ◽  
State Expenditures

Abstract Countries have reported that people's attitudes towards organ donation are influenced by knowledge, education and religion. In Ecuador, more than 800 patients are on the waiting list for an organ; likewise, the population does not recognize the importance of the donation. Although, since 2011, the Organic Law of Donation and Transplantation of Organs, Tissues and Cells states that all Ecuadorians are donors, but still, the high number of people on the waiting list is not well understood. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors towards organ donation of students and lecturers of the Pontifical Catholic University of Ecuador. This is a cross-sectional study, and the universe was the entire population; however, only 469 (students) and 321 (lecturers) answered, despite our efforts. We applied an anonymously validated questionnaire, and we sent it for five months by email. 89.8% of students and lecturers agreed with the donation; however, 10.2% of the students refused, and 14.6% of lecturers were undecided (p < 0.001). The highest hesitation was found in the age group between 36-64 years (14.2%), while the most refusal was found in the young adult, 9.4%. 40.1% of them alluded to have regular knowledge, while 27.9% claimed to have low knowledge about organ donation (p = 0.016). Based on their opinion, 65.9% said that a person with brain death could not recover, although 26.9% did not know (p = 0.023). 38.9% affirmed they did not know if their religions agreed with the donation. 78.5% claimed the best methods could increase the number of donors is education. Public health in Ecuador does not have sufficient regulations through its state policies that should favour recipients. If each citizen knows that their organs save lives, the waiting list will decrease, and state expenditures will reduce. However, the populations' beliefs are still related to an abuse of authority to donate organs without the consent of relatives. Key messages With better strategies to increase awareness of the importance of organ donation, great results. It will increase survival rates, improve quality of life and decrease health expenses.

Acceptability of Assisted Suicide in Patients With Severe and Persistent Mental Illness

GeroPsych ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Sophie Gloeckler ◽  
Manuel Trachsel
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽  
Assisted Suicide ◽  
Shared Values ◽  
Psychiatric Nurses ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Persistent Mental Illness ◽  
Moral Attitudes

Abstract. In Switzerland, assisted suicide (AS) may be granted on the basis of a psychiatric diagnosis. This pilot study explored the moral attitudes and beliefs of nurses regarding these practices through a quantitative survey of 38 psychiatric nurses. The pilot study, which serves to inform hypothesis development and future studies, showed that participating nurses supported AS and valued the reduction of suffering in patients with severe persistent mental illness. Findings were compared with those from a previously published study presenting the same questions to psychiatrists. The key differences between nurses’ responses and psychiatrists’ may reflect differences in the burden of responsibility, while similarities might capture shared values worth considering when determining treatment efforts. More information is needed to determine whether these initial findings represent nurses’ views more broadly.

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