scholarly journals The role of the brain–gut–microbiota axis in psychology: The importance of considering gut microbiota in the development, perpetuation, and treatment of psychological disorders

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Ganci ◽  
Emra Suleyman ◽  
Henry Butt ◽  
Michelle Ball
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Psychological Disorders ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Necrotizing Enterocolitis, Gut Microbiota, and Brain Development: Role of the Brain-Gut Axis

Neonatology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 423-431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrik J. Niemarkt ◽  
Tim G. De Meij ◽  
Christ-jan van Ganzewinkel ◽  
Nanne K.H. de Boer ◽  
Peter Andriessen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Brain Development ◽  
Necrotizing Enterocolitis ◽  
The Brain

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in Irritable Bowel Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Xiao ◽  
Qin Liu ◽  
Mei Luo ◽  
Lishou Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Short Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Functional Bowel Disorder ◽  
Irritable Bowel ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Bowel Disorder

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional bowel disorder worldwide and is associated with visceral hypersensitivity, gut motility, immunomodulation, gut microbiota alterations, and dysfunction of the brain-gut axis; however, its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. Gut microbiota and its metabolites are proposed as possible etiological factors of IBS. The aim of our study was to investigate specific types of microbiota-derived metabolites, especially bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, serotonin and hypoxanthine, which are all implicated in the pathogenesis of IBS. Metabolites-focused research has identified multiple microbial targets relevant to IBS patients, important roles of microbiota-derived metabolites in the development of IBS symptoms have been established. Thus, we provide an overview of gut microbiota and their metabolites on the different subtypes of IBS (constipation-predominant IBS-C, diarrhea-predominant IBS-D) and present controversial views regarding the role of microbiota in IBS.

scholarly journals Gut and Brain: Investigating Physiological and Pathological Interactions Between Microbiota and Brain to Gain New Therapeutic Avenues for Brain Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Deidda ◽  
Manuele Biazzo
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Microbial Populations ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Neuronal Populations ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
The Brain

Brain physiological functions or pathological dysfunctions do surely depend on the activity of both neuronal and non-neuronal populations. Nevertheless, over the last decades, compelling and fast accumulating evidence showed that the brain is not alone. Indeed, the so-called “gut brain,” composed of the microbial populations living in the gut, forms a symbiotic superorganism weighing as the human brain and strongly communicating with the latter via the gut–brain axis. The gut brain does exert a control on brain (dys)functions and it will eventually become a promising valuable therapeutic target for a number of brain pathologies. In the present review, we will first describe the role of gut microbiota in normal brain physiology from neurodevelopment till adulthood, and thereafter we will discuss evidence from the literature showing how gut microbiota alterations are a signature in a number of brain pathologies ranging from neurodevelopmental to neurodegenerative disorders, and how pre/probiotic supplement interventions aimed to correct the altered dysbiosis in pathological conditions may represent a valuable future therapeutic strategy.

scholarly journals The Microbiota/Microbiome and the Gut–Brain Axis: How Much Do They Matter in Psychiatry?

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 760
Author(s):  
Donatella Marazziti ◽  
Beatrice Buccianelli ◽  
Stefania Palermo ◽  
Elisabetta Parra ◽  
Alessandro Arone ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Disorders ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Obsessive Compulsive ◽  
Compulsive Disorder ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Gut Microbiota Composition

The functioning of the central nervous system (CNS) is the result of the constant integration of bidirectional messages between the brain and peripheral organs, together with their connections with the environment. Despite the anatomical separation, gut microbiota, i.e., the microorganisms colonising the gastrointestinal tract, is highly related to the CNS through the so-called “gut–brain axis”. The aim of this paper was to review and comment on the current literature on the role of the intestinal microbiota and the gut–brain axis in some common neuropsychiatric conditions. The recent literature indicates that the gut microbiota may affect brain functions through endocrine and metabolic pathways, antibody production and the enteric network while supporting its possible role in the onset and maintenance of several neuropsychiatric disorders, neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative disorders. Alterations in the gut microbiota composition were observed in mood disorders and autism spectrum disorders and, apparently to a lesser extent, even in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and related conditions, as well as in schizophrenia. Therefore, gut microbiota might represent an interesting field of research for a better understanding of the pathophysiology of common neuropsychiatric disorders and possibly as a target for the development of innovative treatments that some authors have already labelled “psychobiotics”.

scholarly journals Modulation of Gut-Brain Axis by probiotics: A promising anti-depressant approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koumudhi Rajanala ◽  
Nitesh Kumar ◽  
Mallikarjuna Rao Chamallamudi
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Digestive System ◽  
Food Supplements ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Human Digestive System ◽  
The Brain

: The human digestive system is embedded with trillions of microbes of various species and genera. These organisms serve several purposes in human body and exist in symbiosis with the host. Their major role is involved in digestion and conversion of food materials into many useful substrates for human body. Apart from this, the gut microbiota also maintains healthy communication with other body parts including the brain. The connection between gut microbiota and brain is termed as Gut-Brain Axis (GBA) and these connections are established by neuronal, endocrine and immunological pathways. Thus, they are involved in neurophysiology and neuropathology of several diseases like Parkinson’s Disease (PD), Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Depression and Autism. There are several food supplements such as prebiotics and probiotics the modulate the composition of gut microbiota. This article provides a review about the role of gut microbiota in depression and supplements such as probiotics that are useful in the treatment of depression.

scholarly journals Microbiota Gut–Brain Axis in Ischemic Stroke: A Narrative Review with a Focus about the Relationship with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Life ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 715
Author(s):  
Emanuele Sinagra ◽  
Gaia Pellegatta ◽  
Valentina Guarnotta ◽  
Marcello Maida ◽  
Francesca Rossi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Bowel Disease ◽  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Bowel Disease ◽  
Brain Diseases ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Bowel Diseases ◽  
Inflammatory Bowel ◽  
The Brain

The gut microbiota is emerging as an important player in neurodevelopment and aging as well as in brain diseases including stroke, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. The complex interplay between gut microbiota and the brain, and vice versa, has recently become not only the focus of neuroscience, but also the starting point for research regarding many diseases such as inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The bi-directional interaction between gut microbiota and the brain is not completely understood. The aim of this review is to sum up the evidences concerning the role of the gut–brain microbiota axis in ischemic stroke and to highlight the more recent evidences about the potential role of the gut–brain microbiota axis in the interaction between inflammatory bowel disease and ischemic stroke.

scholarly journals Can Gut Microbiota and Lifestyle Help Us in the Handling of Anorexia Nervosa Patients?

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Mendez-Figueroa ◽  
Jose Biscaia ◽  
Rosa Mohedano ◽  
Ascension Blanco-Fernandez ◽  
Maria Bailen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mental Illness ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Sensory Abnormalities ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Positive Effect

Gut microbiota is composed of different microorganisms that play an important role in the host. New research shows that bidirectional communications happen between intestinal microbiota and the brain, which is known as the gut–brain axis. This communication is significant and could have a negative or positive effect depending on the state of the gut microbiota. Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a mental illness associated with metabolic, immunologic, biochemical, sensory abnormalities, and extremely low body weight. Different studies have shown a dysbiosis in patients with AN. Due to the gut–brain axis, it was observed that some of the symptoms could be improved in these patients by boosting their gut microbiota. This paper highlights some evidence connecting the role of microbiota in the AN onset and disease progress. Finally, a proposal is done to include the microbiota analysis as part of the recovery protocol used to treat AN patients. When conducting clinical studies of gut microbiota in AN patients, dysbiosis is expected to be found. Then the prescription of a personalized treatment rich in prebiotics and probiotics could be proposed to reverse the dysbiosis.

scholarly journals 838 The role of microbiota in metastatic brain tumors

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A879-A879
Author(s):  
Sarah Johnson ◽  
Golnaz Morad ◽  
Nadim Ajami ◽  
Jennifer Wargo ◽  
Matthew Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cell ◽  
Brain Metastasis ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Tumor Growth ◽  
Microbial Communities ◽  
Clinical Studies ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
The Brain

BackgroundDespite the substantial advances in the treatment of systemic cancer, brain metastases are still responsible for significant morbidity and mortality, necessitating a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying this disease. Microbiota has emerged as a significant hallmark of cancer. Our group and others have demonstrated a prominent role for gut and intratumoral microbiota in tumorigenesis, tumor immunity, and response to treatment. However, the role of microbiota in brain metastasis is poorly understood. We hypothesize that distinct microbial communities can alter the immune microenvironment in the brain and modulate the different steps of brain metastasis formation.MethodsTo explore the role of microbiota in brain metastasis, we evaluated the gut and oral microbial signatures in brain metastasis patients through shotgun metagenomics sequencing. Furthermore, we conducted mechanistic in vivo studies in which the gut microbiota was depleted in conventionally raised mice using a broad-spectrum non-absorbable antibiotic regimen. Subsequently, melanoma tumor cells were injected intracranially to evaluate the effect of gut microbiota depletion and associated immune changes on tumor growth. Tumor growth was measured through in vivo bioluminescent imaging and histology. Peripheral and tumor immune profiling was conducted through flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.ResultsOur clinical studies demonstrated the enrichment of distinct bacterial and viral taxa within the gut and oral microbiota in brain metastasis patients. Depletion of the gut microbiota in mice decreased tumor growth in the brain. Evaluation of the peripheral and tumor immune profiles suggested the underlying mechanisms to involve alterations in the circulating cytokine profiles and an increase in anti-tumor T cell activity.ConclusionsOur clinical studies suggest the association of distinct microbial communities with brain metastasis. Our pre-clinical findings demonstrate that the absence of gut microbiota can modulate the regulation of T cell activity to induce an anti-tumor response in the brain. Further studies, currently in progress, will determine the mechanistic role of dysbiotic microbiota and distinct microbial communities in this process.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the National Institute of Health (1F32CA260769-01).

scholarly journals Gut-Brain Axis: Possible Role of Gut Microbiota in Perioperative Neurocognitive Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao-qing Wang ◽  
He Li ◽  
Xiang-nan Li ◽  
Cong-hu Yuan ◽  
Hang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Perioperative Period ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Neurocognitive Disorders ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Aging is becoming a severe social phenomenon globally, and the improvements in health care and increased health awareness among the elderly have led to a dramatic increase in the number of surgical procedures. Because of the degenerative changes in the brain structure and function in the elderly, the incidence of perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND) is much higher in elderly patients than in young people following anesthesia/surgery. PND is attracting more and more attention, though the exact mechanisms remain unknown. A growing body of evidence has shown that the gut microbiota is likely involved. Recent studies have indicated that the gut microbiota may affect postoperative cognitive function via the gut-brain axis. Nonetheless, understanding of the mechanistic associations between the gut microbiota and the brain during PND progression remains very limited. In this review, we begin by providing an overview of the latest progress concerning the gut-brain axis and PND, and then we summarize the influence of perioperative factors on the gut microbiota. Next, we review the literature on the relationship between gut microbiota and PND and discuss how gut microbiota affects cognitive function during the perioperative period. Finally, we explore effective early interventions for PND to provide new ideas for related clinical research.

scholarly journals Microbiota and Neurodevelopmental Trajectories: Role of Maternal and Early-Life Nutrition

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (Suppl. 2) ◽  
pp. 16-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin G. Codagnone ◽  
Catherine Stanton ◽  
Siobhain M. O’Mahony ◽  
Timothy G. Dinan ◽  
John F. Cryan
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Developmental Outcomes ◽  
Preclinical Studies ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Lines Of Evidence

Pregnancy and early life are characterized by marked changes in body microbial composition. Intriguingly, these changes take place simultaneously with neurodevelopmental plasticity, suggesting a complex dialogue between the microbes that inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and the brain. The purpose of this chapter is to describe the natural trajectory of microbiota during pregnancy and early life, as well as review the literature available on its interaction with neurodevelopment. Several lines of evidence show that the gut microbiota interacts with diet, drugs and stress both prenatally and postnatally. Clinical and preclinical studies are illuminating how these disruptions result in different developmental outcomes. Understanding the role of the microbiota in neurodevelopment may lead to novel approaches to the study of the pathophysiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders.

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