3-Nitrobenzyl alcohol has wide applicability as a matrix for FAB-MS

Chemo- and site-specific modifications in oligonucleotides have wide applicability as mechanistic probes in chemical biology. Here we have employed a classical reaction in organic chemistry, reductive amination, to selectively functionalize the N<sup>2</sup>-amine of guanine/2’-deoxyguanine monophosphate. This method specifically modifies guanine in several tested DNA oligonucleotides, while leaving the other bases unaffected. Using this approach, we have successfully incorporated desired handles chemoselectively into DNA oligomers.

Download Full-text

Inbreeding of Bottlenecked Butterfly Populations: Estimation Using the Likelihood of Changes in Marker Allele Frequencies

Genetics ◽

10.1093/genetics/151.3.1053 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 151 (3) ◽

pp. 1053-1063 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Ilik J Saccheri ◽

Ian J Wilson ◽

Richard A Nichols ◽

Michael W Bruford ◽

Paul M Brakefield

Keyword(s):

Linkage Disequilibrium ◽

Probability Distribution ◽

Reproductive Success ◽

Genetic Markers ◽

Allele Frequencies ◽

Demographic Parameters ◽

Bicyclus Anynana ◽

Marker Allele ◽

Wide Applicability ◽

Per Gene

Abstract Polymorphic enzyme and minisatellite loci were used to estimate the degree of inbreeding in experimentally bottlenecked populations of the butterfly, Bicyclus anynana (Satyridae), three generations after founding events of 2, 6, 20, or 300 individuals, each bottleneck size being replicated at least four times. Heterozygosity fell more than expected, though not significantly so, but this traditional measure of the degree of inbreeding did not make full use of the information from genetic markers. It proved more informative to estimate directly the probability distribution of a measure of inbreeding, σ2, the variance in the number of descendants left per gene. In all bottlenecked lines, σ2 was significantly larger than in control lines (300 founders). We demonstrate that this excess inbreeding was brought about both by an increase in the variance of reproductive success of individuals, but also by another process. We argue that in bottlenecked lines linkage disequilibrium generated by the small number of haplotypes passing through the bottleneck resulted in hitchhiking of particular marker alleles with those haplotypes favored by selection. In control lines, linkage disequilibrium was minimal. Our result, indicating more inbreeding than expected from demographic parameters, contrasts with the findings of previous (Drosophila) experiments in which the decline in observed heterozygosity was slower than expected and attributed to associative overdominance. The different outcomes may both be explained as a consequence of linkage disequilibrium under different regimes of inbreeding. The likelihood-based method to estimate inbreeding should be of wide applicability. It was, for example, able to resolve small differences in σ2 among replicate lines within bottleneck-size treatments, which could be related to the observed variation in reproductive viability.

Download Full-text

Experimental charge-density analysis towards predictive materials science

Journal of Experimental Techniques and Instrumentation ◽

10.30609/jeti.v4i03.12820 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (03) ◽

pp. 50-71

Author(s):

Leonardo Dos Santos ◽

Bernardo L. Rodrigues ◽

Camila B. Pinto

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Charge Density ◽

Materials Science ◽

New Materials ◽

Wide Applicability ◽

Density Analysis ◽

Properties Of Materials ◽

A Charge ◽

Experimental Charge Density

The ongoing increase in the number of experimental charge-density studies can be related to both the technological advancements and the wide applicability of the method. Regarding materials science, the understanding of bonding features and their relation to the physical properties of materials can not only provide means to optimize such properties, but also to predict and design new materials with the desired ones. In this tutorial, we describe the steps for a charge-density analysis, emphasizing the most relevant features and briefly discussing the applications of the method.

Download Full-text

Evaluation of Anthropogenic Secondary Organic Aerosol Tracers

10.5194/acp-2016-805 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Ibrahim M. Al-Naiema ◽

Elizabeth A. Stone

Keyword(s):

Phthalic Acid ◽

Secondary Organic Aerosol ◽

Dicarboxylic Acids ◽

Organic Aerosol ◽

Secondary Source ◽

Particle Phase ◽

Water Sensitivity ◽

Nitrobenzyl Alcohol ◽

Ambient Concentrations ◽

Highly Correlated

Abstract. Products of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from aromatic volatile organic compounds (VOC) – 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, dicarboxylic acids, nitromonoaromatics, and furandiones – were evaluated for their potential to serve as anthropogenic SOA tracers with respect to their 1) ambient concentrations and detectability in PM2.5 in Iowa City, IA, USA, 2) gas-particle partitioning behaviour, and 3) source specificity by way of correlations with primary and secondary source tracers and literature review. A widely used tracer for toluene-derived SOA, 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid was only detected in the particle phase (Fp = 1) at low, but consistently measureable ambient concentrations (averaging 0.3 ng m−3). Four aromatic dicarboxylic acids were detected at relatively higher concentrations (9.1–34.5 ng m−3), of which phthalic acid was the most abundant. Phthalic acid had a low particle-phase fraction (Fp = 0.26) likely due to quantitation interferences from phthalic anhydride, while 4-methylphthalic acid was predominantly in the particle phase (Fp = 0.82). Phthalic acid and 4-methyl phthalic acid were both highly correlated with 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid (rs = 0.73, p = 0.003; rs = 0.80, p < 0.001, respectively), suggesting that they were derived from aromatic VOC. Isophthalic and terephthalic acids, however, were detected only in the particle phase (Fp = 1) and correlations suggested association with primary emission sources. Nitromonoaromatics were dominated by particle-phase concentrations of 4-nitrocatechol (1.6 ng m−3) and 4-methyl-5-nitrocatechol (1.6 ng m−3) that were associated with biomass burning. Meanwhile, 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl alcohol was detected in a lower concentration (0.06 ng m−3) in the particle phase only (Fp = 1), and is known as a product of toluene photooxidation. Furandiones in the atmosphere have only been attributed to the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons, however the substantial partitioning toward the gas phase (Fp ≤ 0.16) and their water sensitivity limit their application as tracers. The outcome of this study is the demonstration that 2,3-dihydroxy-4-oxopentanoic acid, phthalic acid, 4-methylphthalic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-nitrobenzyl alcohol are good candidates for tracing SOA from aromatic VOC.

Download Full-text

m-nitrobenzyl alcohol electrochemistry in fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry

Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry ◽

10.1016/1044-0305(92)87044-y ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 113-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Johnny D. Reynolds ◽

Kelsey D. Cook ◽

James L. E. Burn ◽

Clifton Woods

Keyword(s):

Mass Spectrometry ◽

Fast Atom Bombardment ◽

Nitrobenzyl Alcohol

Download Full-text

Synthesis of 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde in the Presence of Ionic Liquids

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1146 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 233-235 ◽

pp. 1146-1151 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rui Yi Yan ◽

Pu Yang ◽

Zeng Xi Li ◽

Hui Wang ◽

Yan Yan Diao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ionic Liquids ◽

Reaction Mechanism ◽

Nitrobenzyl Alcohol

A method for synthesizing of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde from 2-nitrobenzyl alcohol using ionic liquids (ILs) has been developed. The conversion of 2-nitrobenzyl alcohol and the selectivity of 2-nitrobenzaldehyde in the ionic liquids are higher than those in the traditional dichlorethane solvent. In addition, a reaction mechanism for the oxidation of 2-nitrobenzyl alcohol to 2-nitrobenzaldehyde is proposed.

Download Full-text

Discussion: “A Statistical Distribution Function of Wide Applicability” (Weibull, Waloddi, 1951, ASME J. Appl. Mech., 18, pp. 293–297)

Journal of Applied Mechanics ◽

10.1115/1.4010468 ◽

1952 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 233

Author(s):

R. A. Mugele

Keyword(s):

Distribution Function ◽

Statistical Distribution ◽

Wide Applicability ◽

Statistical Distribution Function

Download Full-text

The Complex Compound of Amino Acids With Titanium (III) as a Method to Control and Synthesis of Different Structures of TiO2 Nanoparticles; Usage as Photocatalysts to Oxidize Alcohols to Aldehyde

10.21203/rs.3.rs-175630/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yahya Absalan ◽

Nazanin Noroozi Shad ◽

Mostafa Gholizadeh

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Titanium Dioxide ◽

Uv Light ◽

Chemical Analyses ◽

Benzyl Alcohols ◽

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticle ◽

Physical Chemical ◽

Nitrobenzyl Alcohol ◽

Different Types ◽

Full Investigation

Abstract Different types of the amino acids (Glutamine, Glycine, Alanine) were used to coordinate TiCl3 in order to investigating the best precursor for synthesis of TiO2. Also, a full investigation was carried out to synthesis four different structures of TiO2 nanoparticles [TiO2 (A0.8R0.2), TiO2 (A0.6R0.4), TiO2 (Anatase), and TiO2 (Rutile)]. Oxidation of derivatives alcohol to their corresponding aldehyde through the obtained nanoparticles, as a photocatalyst, under UV light was considered to investigate the best structure of TiO2. Different physical-chemical analyses were applied to investigate the result. The result showed that the titanium dioxide nanoparticle, synthesized from glycine was obtained at the least temperature and was chosen as a precursor to synthesis of four different types of TiO2. All the synthesized TiO2 were applied for oxidation of benzyl alcohols into benzaldehyde, as a test, and TiO2 (A0.6R0.4) could give the best result (87% efficiency). Then it was used to oxidize benzyl alcohol, 4-cholorobenzyl alcohol, 4-nitrobenzyl alcohol and 4-methoxybenzyl alcohol to their corresponding aldehyde and efficiency were 74, 92, 87, and 65% respectively.

Download Full-text