Pharmaceutical waste treatment by the trickling filter, activated sludge, and compost processes

1962 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. Molof
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Pharmaceutical Waste

Treatment of Raw Milk Wastes by a Multi-Stage Biological System

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
JOHN K. SULLINS ◽  
WILLIAM L. ARLEDGE ◽  
EUGENE V. RICCI
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Biological System ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Transfer Operation

The Bristol, Virginia Division of Dairymen, Inc. is a storage and transfer operation for raw milk. As production increased and effluent quality regulations become more stringent, waste treatment progressed from land irrigation, to a two-stage biological system to the present four-stage biological system including: (a) full mixed anaerobic; (b) facultative-high rate trickling filter and non solids controlled aeration; (c) quiescent anaerobic; and (d) facultative-high rate trickling filter and activated sludge. Treatment efficiencies were:

Rehabilitation and Upgrading of the Beni Suef City Wastewater Treatment Plant

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 131-138
Author(s):  
Ahmed Fadel
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Shock Load ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Trickling Filter

Many of Egypt's cities have existing treatment plants under operation that have been constructed before 1970. Almost all of these treatment plants now need rehabilitation and upgrading to extend their services for a longer period. One of these plants is the Beni Suef City Wastewater Treatment Plant. The Beni Suef WWTP was constructed in 1956. It has primary treatment followed by secondary treatment employing intermediate rate trickling filters. The BOD, COD, and SS concentration levels are relatively high. They are approximately 800, 1100, and 600 mg/litre, respectively. The Beni Suef city required the determination of the level of work needed for the rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing 200 l/s plant and to extend its capacity to 440 l/s at year 2000 A description of the existing units, their deficiencies and operation problems, and the required rehabilitation are presented and discussed in this paper. Major problems facing the upgrading were the lack of space for expansion and the shortage of funds. It was, therefore, necessary to study several alternative solutions and methods of treatment. The choice of alternatives was from one of the following schemes: a) changing the filter medium, its mode of operation and increasing the number of units, b) changing the trickling filter to high rate and combining it with the activated sludge process, for operation by one of several possible combinations such as: trickling filter-solids contact, roughing filter-activated sludge, and trickling filter-activated sludge process, c) dividing the flow into two parts, the first part to be treated using the existing system and the second part to be treated by activated sludge process, and d) expanding the existing system by increasing the numbers of the different process units. The selection of the alternative was based on technical, operational and economic evaluations. The different alternatives were compared on the basis of system costs, shock load handling, treatment plant operation and predicted effluent quality. The flow schemes for the alternatives are presented. The methodology of selecting the best alternative is discussed. From the study it was concluded that the first alternative is the most reliable from the point of view of costs, handling shock load, and operation.

The Impact of a Chemostat Discharge Containing Oil Degrading Bacteria on the Biological Kinetics of a Refinery Activated Sludge Process

1988 ◽  
Vol 20 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 131-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. D. Wong ◽  
C. D. Goldsmith
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Retention Time ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Kinetic Evaluation ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Waste Treatment Plant ◽  
The Impact

The effect of discharging specific oil degrading bacteria from a chemostat to a refinery activated sludge process was determined biokinetically. Plant data for the kinetic evaluation of the waste treatment plant was collected before and during treatment. During treatment, the 500 gallon chemostatic growth chamber was operated on an eight hour hydraulic retention time, at a neutral pH, and was fed a mixture of refinery wastewater and simple sugars. The biokinetic constants k (days−1), Ks (mg/L), and K (L/mg-day) were determined before and after treatment by Monod and Lineweaver-Burk plots. Solids discharged and effluent organic concentrations were also evaluated against the mean cell retention time (MCRT). The maximum utilization rate, k, was found to increase from 0.47 to 0.95 days−1 during the operation of the chemostat. Subsequently, Ks increased from 141 to 556 mg/L. Effluent solids were shown to increase slightly with treatment. However, this was acceptable due to the polishing pond and the benefit of increased ability to accept shock loads of oily wastewater. The reason for the increased suspended solids in the effluent was most likely due to the continual addition of bacteria in exponential growth that were capable of responding to excess substrate. The effect of the chemostatic addition of specific microbial inocula to the refinery waste treatment plant has been to improve the overall organic removal capacity along with subsequent gains in plant stability.

Pharmaceutical Waste Treatment by Anaerobic Filter

1982 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-314
Author(s):  
Elliot F. Sachs ◽  
J. Charles Jennett ◽  
Myrton C. Rand
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Anaerobic Filter ◽  
Pharmaceutical Waste

The Olifantsfontein Nutrient Removal Plant

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. van Huyssteen ◽  
J. L. Barnard ◽  
J. Hendriksz
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Activated Sludge ◽  
South African ◽  
Nutrient Removal ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
The South ◽  
The University ◽  
General Standard

The paper describes the upgrading of an existing trickling filter (TF) plant by adding a new activated sludge (AS) plant in order to remove nutrients from the combined effluent of both plants. In spite of the low COD/TKN ratio, good nitrogen and phosphate removals were obtained in the three-stage Bardenpho (AS) plant. This is at variance with the University of Capetown mathematical model which predicted that nutrient removal in this plant would not be possible due to predicted recycle of nitrates to the anaerobic basin. The results showed that the average effluent phosphate was below 1 mg P/ℓ while the ammonia and nitrates could be controlled to values well below the limits of the South African General Standard. Possible reasons for the anomaly are given.

Denitrification in trickling filters

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 181-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernd Dorias ◽  
Peter Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Innovative Technology ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Trickling Filters ◽  
Test Operation

National and international regulations require a minimum nitrogen removal efficiency of 70% in most public sewage treatment plants. Unlike in activated sludge plants, selective denitrification in trickling filters was not possible until now. Therefore the aim was to employ trickling filter plants for selective denitrification, using innovative technology that involved minimum capital expenditure. For selective denitrification, it is necessary to prevent as much as possible the transfer of oxygen into the trickling filter while feeding the nitrate to be removed, a process similar to upstream denitrification in the activated sludge process. In a test operation conducted in several sewage treatment plants for over a year, the new process with selective denitrification in a covered trickling filter has given successful results. The denitrification efficiency of this system is comparable to that of upstream denitrification in the activated sludge process. Thus, selective denitrification in the trickling filter is a practical alternative to other nitrogen removal processes, while maintaining the established advantages offered by the trickling filter process.

Removal Efficiencies of Indicator Micro-Organisms in Sewage Treatment Plants

1989 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 119-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Omura ◽  
M. Onuma ◽  
J. Aizawa ◽  
T. Umita ◽  
T. Yagi
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Activated Sludge Process ◽  
Trickling Filter ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plants ◽  
Micro Organisms ◽  
Chlorine Residuals

The removal of coliform bacteria, enterococcus bacteria, and coliphages in two sewage treatment plants, one using the activated sludge process and the other using a high-rate trickling filter, was investigated over a period of one year. Coliform and enterococcus bacteria were removed with equal efficiency by the two plants, but coliphages were removed more efficiently by the activated sludge process. Experiments on the mechanism of removal revealed that it was mainly due to adsorption on the activated sludge and on the slime in the trickling filter. Die-off of the micro-organisms seemed to play a minor role in the reduction in counts. The treated sewage was disinfected by chlorination prior to discharge into the receiving water. No coliforms were detected in the chlorinated effluents when they had chlorine residuals in the range of 0 to 1.521 mg/l. However, enterococci were detected when chlorine residuals dropped below 0.598 mg/l. Coliphages proved to be the most resistant organisms and they were generally detected throughout the range of chlorine residuals encountered.

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