scholarly journals Estimating the distribution of heterogeneous treatment effects from treatment responses and from a predictive biomarker in a parallel‐group RCT: A structural model approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 697-711
Author(s):  
Ruediger P. Laubender ◽  
Ulrich Mansmann ◽  
Michael Lauseker
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Predictive Biomarker ◽  
Heterogeneous Treatment Effects ◽  
Parallel Group ◽  
Treatment Responses ◽  
Model Approach

Estimating Heterogeneous Treatment Effects and the Effects of Heterogeneous Treatments with Ensemble Methods

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 413-434 ◽  
Author(s):  
Justin Grimmer ◽  
Solomon Messing ◽  
Sean J. Westwood
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Ensemble Methods ◽  
Ensemble Method ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Accurate Estimation ◽  
Randomized Experiments ◽  
Heterogeneous Treatment Effects ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Heterogeneous Effects ◽  
The Ensemble Method

Randomized experiments are increasingly used to study political phenomena because they can credibly estimate the average effect of a treatment on a population of interest. But political scientists are often interested in how effects vary across subpopulations—heterogeneous treatment effects—and how differences in the content of the treatment affects responses—the response to heterogeneous treatments. Several new methods have been introduced to estimate heterogeneous effects, but it is difficult to know if a method will perform well for a particular data set. Rather than using only one method, we show how an ensemble of methods—weighted averages of estimates from individual models increasingly used in machine learning—accurately measure heterogeneous effects. Building on a large literature on ensemble methods, we show how the weighting of methods can contribute to accurate estimation of heterogeneous treatment effects and demonstrate how pooling models lead to superior performance to individual methods across diverse problems. We apply the ensemble method to two experiments, illuminating how the ensemble method for heterogeneous treatment effects facilitates exploratory analysis of treatment effects.

scholarly journals Metalearners for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using machine learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (10) ◽  
pp. 4156-4165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sören R. Künzel ◽  
Jasjeet S. Sekhon ◽  
Peter J. Bickel ◽  
Bin Yu
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Treatment Effects ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Average Treatment Effect ◽  
Regularity Conditions ◽  
Heterogeneous Treatment Effects ◽  
Lipschitz Continuous ◽  
Additive Regression ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
And Control

There is growing interest in estimating and analyzing heterogeneous treatment effects in experimental and observational studies. We describe a number of metaalgorithms that can take advantage of any supervised learning or regression method in machine learning and statistics to estimate the conditional average treatment effect (CATE) function. Metaalgorithms build on base algorithms—such as random forests (RFs), Bayesian additive regression trees (BARTs), or neural networks—to estimate the CATE, a function that the base algorithms are not designed to estimate directly. We introduce a metaalgorithm, the X-learner, that is provably efficient when the number of units in one treatment group is much larger than in the other and can exploit structural properties of the CATE function. For example, if the CATE function is linear and the response functions in treatment and control are Lipschitz-continuous, the X-learner can still achieve the parametric rate under regularity conditions. We then introduce versions of the X-learner that use RF and BART as base learners. In extensive simulation studies, the X-learner performs favorably, although none of the metalearners is uniformly the best. In two persuasion field experiments from political science, we demonstrate how our X-learner can be used to target treatment regimes and to shed light on underlying mechanisms. A software package is provided that implements our methods.

scholarly journals Tobacco and Alcohol: Complements or Substitutes? A Structural Model Approach

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harald Tauchmann ◽  
Silja Göhlmann ◽  
Till Requate ◽  
Christoph M. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Structural Model ◽  
Model Approach
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