Testing the Non-Unity of Rate Ratio under Inverse Sampling

2007 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
Man-Lai Tang ◽  
Yi Jie Liao ◽  
Hong Keung Tony Ng ◽  
Ping Shing Chan
Keyword(s):  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Inverse Sampling

On tests of rate ratio under standard inverse sampling

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.L. Tang ◽  
Y.J. Liao ◽  
H.K.T. Ng
Keyword(s):  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Inverse Sampling

Integrating Visual and Bayesian Statistical Analyses in Single Case Experimental Research to Evaluate the Effectiveness and Magnitude of a Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prathiba Natesan ◽  
Smita Mehta
Keyword(s):  
Behavioral Intervention ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Statistical Analyses ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Ratio Effect ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Single case experimental designs (SCEDs) have become an indispensable methodology where randomized control trials may be impossible or even inappropriate. However, the nature of SCED data presents challenges for both visual and statistical analyses. Small sample sizes, autocorrelations, data types, and design types render many parametric statistical analyses and maximum likelihood approaches ineffective. The presence of autocorrelation decreases interrater reliability in visual analysis. The purpose of the present study is to demonstrate a newly developed model called the Bayesian unknown change-point (BUCP) model which overcomes all the above-mentioned data analytic challenges. This is the first study to formulate and demonstrate rate ratio effect size for autocorrelated data, which has remained an open question in SCED research until now. This expository study also compares and contrasts the results from BUCP model with visual analysis, and rate ratio effect size with nonoverlap of all pairs (NAP) effect size. Data from a comprehensive behavioral intervention are used for the demonstration.

scholarly journals Activity of the first interstellar comet 2I/Borisov around perihelion: results from Indian observatories

2021 ◽  
Vol 502 (3) ◽  
pp. 3491-3499
Author(s):  
K Aravind ◽  
Shashikiran Ganesh ◽  
Kumar Venkataramani ◽  
Devendra Sahu ◽  
Dorje Angchuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar System ◽  
Production Rate ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Carbon Chain ◽  
Astronomical Observatory ◽  
Nucleus Size ◽  
Chain Molecules ◽  
Molecular Emission ◽  
Imaging And Spectroscopy ◽  
Gas Ratio

ABSTRACT Comet 2I/Borisov is the first true interstellar comet discovered. Here, we present results from observational programs at two Indian observatories, 2 m Himalayan Chandra Telescope at the Indian Astronomical Observatory, Hanle (HCT) and 1.2 m telescope at the Mount Abu Infrared Observatory (MIRO). Two epochs of imaging and spectroscopy were carried out at the HCT and three epochs of imaging at MIRO. We found CN to be the dominant molecular emission on both epochs, 2019 November 30 and December 22, at distances of rH = 2.013 and 2.031 au, respectively. The comet was inferred to be relatively depleted in Carbon bearing molecules on the basis of low C2 and C3 abundances. We find the production rate ratio, Q(C2)/Q(CN) = 0.54 ± 0.18, pre-perihelion and Q(C2)/Q(CN) = 0.34 ± 0.12 post-perihelion. This classifies the comet as being moderately depleted in carbon chain molecules. Using the results from spectroscopic observations, we believe the comet to have a chemically heterogeneous surface having variation in abundance of carbon chain molecules. From imaging observations, we infer a dust-to-gas ratio similar to carbon chain depleted comets of the Solar system. We also compute the nucleus size to be in the range 0.18 km ≤ r ≤ 3.1 km. Our observations show that 2I/Borisov’s behaviour is analogous to that of the Solar system comets.

scholarly journals Health-related quality of life 1–3 years post-myocardial infarction: its impact on prognosis

Open Heart ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. e001499
Author(s):  
Stuart Pocock ◽  
David B Brieger ◽  
Ruth Owen ◽  
Jiyan Chen ◽  
Mauricio G Cohen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Index Score ◽  
Health Related Quality ◽  
Lower Index ◽  
Related Quality ◽  
Health Related

ObjectiveTo assess associations of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with patient profile, resource use, cardiovascular (CV) events and mortality in stable patients post-myocardial infarction (MI).MethodsThe global, prospective, observational TIGRIS Study enrolled 9126 patients 1–3 years post-MI. HRQoL was assessed at enrolment and 6-month intervals using the patient-reported EuroQol-5 dimension (EQ-5D) questionnaire, with scores anchored at 0 (worst possible) and 1 (perfect health). Resource use, CV events and mortality were recorded during 2-years’ follow-up. Regression models estimated the associations of index score at enrolment with patient characteristics, resource use, CV events and mortality over 2-years’ follow-up.ResultsAmong 8978 patients who completed the EQ-5D questionnaire, 52% reported ‘some’ or ‘severe’ problems on one or more health dimensions. Factors associated with a lower index score were: female sex, older age, obesity, smoking, higher heart rate, less formal education, presence of comorbidity (eg, angina, stroke), emergency room visit in the previous 6 months and non-ST-elevation MI as the index event. Compared with an index score of 1 at enrolment, a lower index score was associated with higher risk of all-cause death, with an adjusted rate ratio of 3.09 (95% CI 2.20 to 4.31), and of a CV event, with a rate ratio of 2.31 (95% CI 1.76 to 3.03). Patients with lower index score at enrolment had almost two times as many hospitalisations over 2-years’ follow-up.ConclusionsClinicians managing patients post-acute coronary syndrome should recognise that a poorer HRQoL is clearly linked to risk of hospitalisations, major CV events and death.Trial registration numberClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT01866904) (https://clinicaltrials.gov).

scholarly journals Relation of severe COVID-19 to polypharmacy and prescribing of psychotropic drugs: the REACT-SCOT case-control study

BMC Medicine ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul M. McKeigue ◽  
◽  
Sharon Kennedy ◽  
Amanda Weir ◽  
Jen Bishop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Care ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Care Practice ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Co Morbidity ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background The objective of this study was to investigate the relation of severe COVID-19 to prior drug prescribing. Methods Severe cases were defined by entry to critical care or fatal outcome. For this matched case-control study (REACT-SCOT), all 4251 cases of severe COVID-19 in Scotland since the start of the epidemic were matched for age, sex and primary care practice to 36,738 controls from the population register. Records were linked to hospital discharges since June 2015 and dispensed prescriptions issued in primary care during the last 240 days. Results Severe COVID-19 was strongly associated with the number of non-cardiovascular drug classes dispensed. This association was strongest in those not resident in a care home, in whom the rate ratio (95% CI) associated with dispensing of 12 or more drug classes versus none was 10.8 (8.8, 13.3), and in those without any of the conditions designated as conferring increased risk of COVID-19. Of 17 drug classes postulated at the start of the epidemic to be “medications compromising COVID”, all were associated with increased risk of severe COVID-19 and these associations were present in those without any of the designated risk conditions. The fraction of cases in the population attributable to exposure to these drug classes was 38%. The largest effect was for antipsychotic agents: rate ratio 4.18 (3.42, 5.11). Other drug classes with large effects included proton pump inhibitors (rate ratio 2.20 (1.72, 2.83) for = 2 defined daily doses/day), opioids (3.66 (2.68, 5.01) for = 50 mg morphine equivalent/day) and gabapentinoids. These associations persisted after adjusting for covariates and were stronger with recent than with non-recent exposure. Conclusions Severe COVID-19 is associated with polypharmacy and with drugs that cause sedation, respiratory depression, or dyskinesia; have anticholinergic effects; or affect the gastrointestinal system. These associations are not easily explained by co-morbidity. Measures to reduce the burden of mortality and morbidity from COVID-19 should include reinforcing existing guidance on reducing overprescribing of these drug classes and limiting inappropriate polypharmacy. Registration ENCEPP number https://EUPAS35558

scholarly journals 1381. Rotavirus Gastroenteritis among older adults: discussion based on a systematic literature review

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S700-S701
Author(s):  
Cristina Carias ◽  
Susanne Hartwig ◽  
M Nabi Kanibir ◽  
Ya-Ting Chen
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Acute Gastroenteritis ◽  
Rate Ratio ◽  
Rotavirus Gastroenteritis ◽  
Incident Rate Ratio ◽  
The Us ◽  
Incident Rate ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Retrospective Database

Abstract Background While the burden of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis (RGE) is well recognized in young children, it is less so in older adults. However, older adults are also at high-risk of Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) severe outcomes. In this review, we thus aimed to comprehensively assess RGE burden and vaccination impact in older individuals. Methods We performed a systematic literature review with PubMed and Scopus, from 2000 to 2019, using MESH and free-range terms. We included only studies that reported the incidence, and/or RV vaccination impact, in adults aged 60 and above and using regional specific data-sources. Results We analyzed 11 manuscripts for individuals aged 60 and above (Figure 1). Studies spanned Australia, Sweden, Netherlands, Canada (2), Germany (2), UK (2), and the US (2). Yearly inpatient RV incidence varied between 1.6 per 100,000 in Australia for those 65+ (retrospective database analyses, pre-vaccine); and 26 per 100,000 for those 85+ in Canada (modeling estimates for 2006-10, pre-vaccine). The incidence rate ratio for inpatient RGE between the post and pre-vaccine periods for those 65+ was 0.57 [95% CI: 0.10 – 3.15] in Canada, but 2.24 [95%CI: 1.78-2.83] in Australia, which may be due to increased testing for RV in the elderly post-vaccine. Reductions in the post-vaccination burden of RV and AGE among 60+ were reported in the UK (2 studies), and the US (2 studies) via retrospective database analyses In the UK, post-vaccine reductions in AGE health care-utilization were reported in the Emergency Department (21%), and outpatient centers (walk-in centers: 47%; general practice consultations: 36%). Retrospective database analyses documenting the incident rate ratio (IRR) of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis (RGE) and Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) in older adults between the pre and post-vaccine period. Retrospective database analyses documenting the incident rate ratio (IRR) of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis (RGE) and Acute Gastroenteritis (AGE) in older adults between the pre and post-vaccine period. Conclusion While the burden of RGE mainly falls on young children, it also affects older adults. Retrospective database analyses reveal that, likely due to indirect vaccination benefits, increases in RV vaccination coverage have had an impact on lowering RGE, and AGE cases and healthcare utilization in older adults, a group at high-risk of severe outcomes for AGE. Disclosures Cristina Carias, PhD, Merck (Employee, Shareholder) Susanne Hartwig, n/a, MSD Vaccins (Employee) M.Nabi Kanibir, MD, Merck/MSD (Employee, Shareholder) Ya-Ting Chen, PhD, Merck & Co., Inc. (Employee, Shareholder)

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