Transit peptide diversity and divergence: A global analysis of plastid targeting signals

BioEssays ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 1048-1058 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola J. Patron ◽  
Ross F. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Global Analysis ◽  
Transit Peptide ◽  
Plastid Targeting ◽  
Targeting Signals

Were class C iron-containing superoxide dismutases of trypanosomatid parasites initially imported into a complex plastid? A hypothesis based on analyses of their N-terminal targeting signals

Parasitology ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 135 (9) ◽  
pp. 1101-1110 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. BODYŁ ◽  
P. MACKIEWICZ
Keyword(s):  
Signal Peptide ◽  
Transit Peptide ◽  
Duplication Event ◽  
Superoxide Dismutases ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Transit Peptides ◽  
Plastid Proteins ◽  
Trypanosomatid Parasites ◽  
Evolutionary Step ◽  
Targeting Signals

SUMMARYTrypanosomatid parasites possess 2 distinct iron-containing superoxide dismutases (Fe-SODs) designated SODA and SODC, both of which are targeted to their mitochondria. In contrast to SODAs that carry typical mitochondrial transit peptides, SODCs have highly unusual mitochondrial targeting signals. Our analyses clearly show that these pre-sequences are bipartite possessing a signal peptide-like domain followed by a transit peptide-like domain. Consequently, they resemble N-terminal extensions of proteins targeted to multi-membrane plastids, suggesting that trypanosomatids once contained a eukaryotic alga-derived plastid. Further support for this hypothesis comes from striking similarities in length, hydropathy profile, and amino acid composition of SODC pre-sequences to those of Euglena and dinoflagellate plastid proteins. To account for these data, we propose that the Trypanosomatidae initially possessed a gene encoding a mitochondrial Fe-SOD with a classical mitochondrial transit peptide. Before or after plastid acquisition, a gene duplication event gave rise to SODA and SODC. In a subsequent evolutionary step a signal peptide was linked to SODC, enabling its import into the plastid. When the trypanosomatid plastid subsequently was lost, natural selection favoured adaptation of the SODC N-terminal signal as a mitochondrial transit peptide and re-targeting to the mitochondrion.

scholarly journals A phylogenetic mosaic plastid proteome and unusual plastid-targeting signals in the green-colored dinoflagellate Lepidodinium chlorophorum

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianne A Minge ◽  
Kamran Shalchian-Tabrizi ◽  
Ole K Tørresen ◽  
Kiyotaka Takishita ◽  
Ian Probert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plastid Targeting ◽  
Targeting Signals

scholarly journals Plastid transit peptides—where do they come from and where do they all belong? Multi-genome and pan-genomic assessment of chloroplast transit peptide evolution

PeerJ ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. e9772
Author(s):  
Ryan W. Christian ◽  
Seanna L. Hewitt ◽  
Grant Nelson ◽  
Eric H. Roalson ◽  
Amit Dhingra
Keyword(s):  
Transit Peptide ◽  
Shotgun Proteomics ◽  
Proteomics Data ◽  
Subcellular Targeting ◽  
Chloroplast Transit Peptide ◽  
Transit Peptides ◽  
Alternative Transcription ◽  
Plastid Targeting ◽  
Comparative Genomics Analysis ◽  
Strict Requirement

Subcellular relocalization of proteins determines an organism’s metabolic repertoire and thereby its survival in unique evolutionary niches. In plants, the plastid and its various morphotypes import a large and varied number of nuclear-encoded proteins to orchestrate vital biochemical reactions in a spatiotemporal context. Recent comparative genomics analysis and high-throughput shotgun proteomics data indicate that there are a large number of plastid-targeted proteins that are either semi-conserved or non-conserved across different lineages. This implies that homologs are differentially targeted across different species, which is feasible only if proteins have gained or lost plastid targeting peptides during evolution. In this study, a broad, multi-genome analysis of 15 phylogenetically diverse genera and in-depth analyses of pangenomes from Arabidopsis and Brachypodium were performed to address the question of how proteins acquire or lose plastid targeting peptides. The analysis revealed that random insertions or deletions were the dominant mechanism by which novel transit peptides are gained by proteins. While gene duplication was not a strict requirement for the acquisition of novel subcellular targeting, 40% of novel plastid-targeted genes were found to be most closely related to a sequence within the same genome, and of these, 30.5% resulted from alternative transcription or translation initiation sites. Interestingly, analysis of the distribution of amino acids in the transit peptides of known and predicted chloroplast-targeted proteins revealed monocot and eudicot-specific preferences in residue distribution.

scholarly journals A bipartite chromatophore transit peptide and N-terminal processing of protein in the Paulinella chromatophore

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linda Oberleitner ◽  
Andreas Perrar ◽  
Luis Macorano ◽  
Pitter F. Huesgen ◽  
Eva C. M. Nowack
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Transit Peptide ◽  
Proteolytic Processing ◽  
Terminal Sequence ◽  
Dynamic Regulation ◽  
Unknown Mechanism ◽  
Recent Origin ◽  
Targeting Signals ◽  
Envelope Membranes ◽  
Double Envelope

The cercozoan amoeba Paulinella chromatophora contains photosynthetic organelles - termed chromatophores - that evolved from a cyanobacterium ~100 million years ago, independently from plastids in plants and algae. Despite its more recent origin, at least one third of the chromatophore proteome consists of nucleus-encoded proteins that are imported by an unknown mechanism across the chromatophore double envelope membranes. Chromatophore-targeted proteins fall into two classes. Proteins exceeding 250 amino acids carry a conserved N-terminal sequence extension, termed the 'chromatophore transit peptide' (crTP), that is presumably involved in guiding these proteins into the chromatophore. Short imported proteins do not carry discernable targeting signals. To explore whether the import of protein is accompanied by their N-terminal processing, here we used a mass spectrometry-based approach to determine protein N-termini in Paulinella chromatophora and identified N-termini of 208 chromatophore-localized proteins. Our study revealed extensive N-terminal modifications by acetylation and proteolytic processing in both, the nucleus and chromatophore-encoded fraction of the chromatophore proteome. Mature N-termini of 37 crTP-carrying proteins were identified, of which 30 were cleaved in a common processing region. Our results imply that the crTP mediates trafficking through the Golgi, is bipartite and surprisingly only the N-terminal third ('part 1') becomes cleaved upon import, whereas the rest ('part 2') remains at the mature proteins. In contrast, short imported proteins remain largely unprocessed. Finally, this work sheds light on N-terminal processing of proteins encoded in an evolutionary-early-stage photosynthetic organelle and suggests host-derived post-translationally acting factors involved in dynamic regulation of the chromatophore-encoded chromatophore proteome.

Local and global analysis of plasticity in ferritic-austenitic duplex steels

2001 ◽  
Vol 11 (PR5) ◽  
pp. Pr5-293-Pr5-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. V. Silberschmidt ◽  
M. Ortmayr ◽  
C. Messner ◽  
E. A. Werner
Keyword(s):  
Global Analysis ◽  
Duplex Steels

Do remittances differ depending on migration pathway and length of stay?

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-118
Author(s):  
Anita Pugliese ◽  
Julie Ray ◽  
Neli Esipova
Keyword(s):  
Length Of Stay ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Large Sample ◽  
Migration Pathway ◽  
First Generation Migrants ◽  
Second Generation Migrants

This paper reports the results from Gallup’s global analysis of the likelihood of first-generation migrants, second-generation migrants and the native-born to send financial help in the form of money or goods to others inside or outside their respective country of residence. The findings in this paper are based on more than 450,000 interviews conducted through Gallup’s World Poll in 157 countries in 2012, 2013 and 2014. The sample includes more than 26,000 first-generation migrants and more than 20,000 second-generation migrants. The large sample enables Gallup to analyze first-generation migrants by the duration of their stay in their adopted country and compare their remittance behaviors with second-generation migrants and the native-born.

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