Generating cell diversity in the nervous system

BioEssays ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 389-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noel Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Diversity

ming is expressed in neuroblast sublineages and regulates gene expression in the Drosophila central nervous system

Development ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 116 (4) ◽  
pp. 943-952 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Cui ◽  
C.Q. Doe
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Zinc Finger Protein ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Cell Lineages ◽  
Finger Protein ◽  
Cell Diversity

Cell diversity in the Drosophila central nervous system (CNS) is primarily generated by the invariant lineage of neural precursors called neuroblasts. We used an enhancer trap screen to identify the ming gene, which is transiently expressed in a subset of neuroblasts at reproducible points in their cell lineage (i.e. in neuroblast ‘sublineages’), suggesting that neuroblast identity can be altered during its cell lineage. ming encodes a predicted zinc finger protein and loss of ming function results in precise alterations in CNS gene expression, defects in axonogenesis and embryonic lethality. We propose that ming controls cell fate within neuroblast cell lineages.

Glial differentiation and the Gcm pathway

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Soustelle ◽  
Angela Giangrande
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Biology ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neural Development ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Stem Cell Differentiation ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Glial Differentiation ◽  
Cell Diversity ◽  
Necessary And Sufficient

AbstractOne of the most challenging issues in developmental biology is to understand how cell diversity is generated. The Drosophila nervous system provides a model of choice for unraveling this process. First, many neural stem cells and lineages have been identified. Second, major molecular pathways involved in neural development and associated mutations have been characterized extensively in recent years. In this review, we focus on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the generation of glia. This cell population relies on the expression of gcm fate determinant, which is necessary and sufficient to induce glial differentiation. We also discuss the recently identified role of gcm genes in Drosophila melanogaster and vertebrate neurogenesis. Finally, we will consider the Gcm pathway in the context of neural stem cell differentiation.

scholarly journals Generation of cell diversity and segmental pattern in the embryonic central nervous system ofDrosophila

2006 ◽  
Vol 235 (4) ◽  
pp. 861-869 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard M. Technau ◽  
Christian Berger ◽  
Rolf Urbach
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Diversity

scholarly journals Tetris in the Nervous System: What Principles of Neuronal Tiling Can Tell Us About How Glia Play the Game

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana F. DeSantis ◽  
Cody J. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Receptive Fields ◽  
Spatial Arrangement ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Model Organisms ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Cell Diversity

The precise organization and arrangement of neural cells is essential for nervous system functionality. Cellular tiling is an evolutionarily conserved phenomenon that organizes neural cells, ensuring non-redundant coverage of receptive fields in the nervous system. First recorded in the drawings of Ramon y Cajal more than a century ago, we now have extensive knowledge of the biochemical and molecular mechanisms that mediate tiling of neurons. The advent of live imaging techniques in both invertebrate and vertebrate model organisms has enhanced our understanding of these processes. Despite advancements in our understanding of neuronal tiling, we know relatively little about how glia, an essential non-neuronal component of the nervous system, tile and contribute to the overall spatial arrangement of the nervous system. Here, we discuss lessons learned from neurons and apply them to potential mechanisms that glial cells may use to tile, including cell diversity, contact-dependent repulsion, and chemical signaling. We also discuss open questions in the field of tiling and what new technologies need to be developed in order to better understand glial tiling.

Glial differentiation does not require a neural ground state

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (16) ◽  
pp. 3189-3200 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Bernardoni ◽  
A.A. Miller ◽  
A. Giangrande
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cell ◽  
Ground State ◽  
Positional Information ◽  
Germ Layer ◽  
Glial Differentiation ◽  
Common View ◽  
Developmental Program ◽  
Cell Diversity ◽  
The Common

Glial cells differentiate from the neuroepithelium. In flies, gliogenesis depends on the expression of glial cell deficient/glial cell missing (glide/gcm). The phenotype of glide/gcm loss- and gain-of-function mutations suggested that gliogenesis occurs in cells that, by default, would differentiate into neurons. Here we show that glide/gcm is able to induce cells even from a distinct germ layer, the mesoderm, to activate the glial developmental program, which demonstrates that gliogenesis does not require a ground neural state. These findings challenge the common view on the establishment of cell diversity in the nervous system. Strikingly, ectopic glide/gcm overrides positional information by repressing the endogenous developmental program. These findings also indicate that glial differentiation tightly depends on glide/gcm transcriptional regulation. It is likely that glide/gcm homologs act similarly during vertebrate gliogenesis.

scholarly journals High cell diversity and complex peptidergic signalling underlie placozoan behaviour

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frédérique Varoqueaux ◽  
Elizabeth A Williams ◽  
Susie Grandemange ◽  
Luca Truscello ◽  
Kai Kamm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Stimulation ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Marine Animal ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Trichoplax Adhaerens ◽  
Cell Diversity ◽  
Cell Layers ◽  
Loose Layer

SUMMARYPlacozoans, together with sponges, are the only animals devoid of a nervous system and muscles, yet both respond to sensory stimulation in a coordinated manner. How behavioural control in these free-living animals is achieved in the absence of neurons and, more fundamentally, how the first neurons evolved from more primitive communication cells during the rise of animals is not yet understood [1–5]. The placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens is a millimeter-wide, flat, free-living marine animal composed of six morphologically identified cell types distributed across a simple bodyplan [6–9]: a flat upper epithelium and a cylindrical lower epithelium interspersed with a loose layer of fiber cells. Its genome encodes several proneuropeptide genes and genes involved in neurosecretion in animals with a nervous system [10–12]. Here we investigate neuropeptide signalling in Trichoplax adhaerens. We found specific expression of several neuropeptides in non-overlapping cell populations distributed over the three cell layers, revealing an unsuspected cell-type diversity of Trichoplax adhaerens. Using live imaging, we uncovered that treatments with 11 different neuropeptides elicited striking and consistent effects on the animals’ shape, patterns of movement and velocity that we categorized under three main types: (i) crinkling, (ii) turning, and (iii) flattening and churning. Together, the data demonstrate a crucial role for peptidergic signalling in nerveless placozoans and suggest that peptidergic volume signalling may have predated synaptic signalling in the evolution of nervous systems.

Neurotropic enteroviruses co-opt “fair-weather-friend” commensal gut microbiota to drive host infection and central nervous system disturbances

2019 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin B. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Gut Bacteria ◽  
Infection Cycle ◽  
Fair Weather ◽  
Host Health ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
Host Infection ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Conditions

Abstract Some neurotropic enteroviruses hijack Trojan horse/raft commensal gut bacteria to render devastating biomimicking cryptic attacks on human/animal hosts. Such virus-microbe interactions manipulate hosts’ gut-brain axes with accompanying infection-cycle-optimizing central nervous system (CNS) disturbances, including severe neurodevelopmental, neuromotor, and neuropsychiatric conditions. Co-opted bacteria thus indirectly influence host health, development, behavior, and mind as possible “fair-weather-friend” symbionts, switching from commensal to context-dependent pathogen-like strategies benefiting gut-bacteria fitness.

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