The Early History of Renal Transplantation. Bericht über das Witness Seminar der ‚History of Twentieth Century Medicine Group’ des Wellcome Instituts am 30. September 1994 in London

1995 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-48
Author(s):  
Thomas Schlich
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Renal Transplantation ◽  
Early History ◽  
History Of

The Origins of the Benin Kingship in the Works of Jacob Egharevba

1995 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 141-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Eisenhofer
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
State Formation ◽  
Early History ◽  
Short History ◽  
The Past ◽  
History Of

The kingdom of Benin has the reputation of being one of the most important examples for a king-oriented state-formation in sub-Saharian Africa. In the past few decades much research has appeared on the early history of this kingdom, the origin of its kingship, and the time of the early Ogiso kings, who are considered by many historians as the autochthonous founders of Benin kingship around 900. These Ogiso rulers are assumed to have been replaced between the eleventh and thirteenth centuries by kings of the later Oba dynasty, which supposedly descends from the Yoruba town of Ife and which continues in office at the present.The abundance of literature on the early history of the Benin kingdom often hides the fact that, apart from sporadic—and for the most part isolated—reports from travelers, a few archeological accounts, and some vaguely dated objects from Benin, the reconstruction of the early history of Benin is based almost exclusively on the data of the Bini local historian Jacob Egharevba, who published prolifically on Benin history and culture from 1930 to 1970. The most famous of his works is the Short History of Benin—a small publication, where the author deals with the history of the kingdom from its origins until the twentieth century.

A Shabby Meanness

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Camille Walsh
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil War ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Early History ◽  
Right To Education ◽  
Legal Identity ◽  
History Of ◽  
Civil War Era ◽  
The Way

Chapter One introduces the early history of taxpayer civil rights litigation against segregated and unequal education from the post-Civil War era until the turn of the twentieth century. In these 19th century cases and opinions, there was a continual assertion of a legal identity as taxpayers by families of color, and this chapter traces the way taxpayer citizenship became linked to the idea of a right to education in these families' arguments and claims, and even occasionally in the judges' opinions. Nonetheless, even the victories in many of these segregation cases were in name only, as plaintiffs of color continued to struggle without adequate remedy after courts granted a superficial nod to their taxpayer claims.

Early History of Archaeology Graphs

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-101
Author(s):  
R. Lee Lyman
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Line Graphs ◽  
History Of Archaeology ◽  
Franz Boas ◽  
History Of ◽  
Natural Historian

The earliest archaeological spindle graph was published in 1883 by natural historian and avocational archaeologist Charles C. Abbott. Evidence that he obtained the idea from paleontology, which first published spindle graphs in the 1830s and 1840s, is circumstantial at best, and differences in graph styles weigh against such borrowing. Several spindle graphs published in the 1890s and early 1900s by archaeologist William Henry Holmes either depict his views on inevitable progressive evolution—a theory rapidly falling from anthropological favor—or were so speculative as to likely have had little influence on the discipline. During the first couple decades of the twentieth century, physicist/geographer/anthropologist Franz Boas (often referred to as the father of anthropology) published numerous line graphs of quantitative data. He influenced archaeologists Leslie Spier and Manual Gamio who used line graphs to display temporally varying frequencies of artifacts. About the same time, the wife and husband team of Madeleine Kidder and Alfred V. Kidder published several line graphs of relative frequencies of pottery types against stratigraphic provenience, seemingly largely as a result of Madeleine’s influence because Alfred never again published such a graph and instead favored phyletic seriation graphs of a type reminiscent of Sir William Flinders Petrie’s sequence dating graphs from the turn of the century.

A Brief History of the International Test Commission

2016 ◽  
pp. 29-34
Author(s):  
Thomas Oakland
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Test Development ◽  
Test Construction ◽  
Early History ◽  
Exchange Of Information ◽  
Ethics Code ◽  
History Of ◽  
Inkblot Test ◽  
Test Use

Chapter 3 highlights the history of test development and test use and the development of the International Test Commission (ITC). The chapter addresses the early history of psychological assessment and the emergence of the discipline of psychology in the first half of the twentieth century. With the emergence and widespread use of the Stanford-Binet and Rorschach Inkblot Test, Jean Cardinet envisioned an international test commission that would develop an ethics code, standards for test construction and evaluation, and create a journal to promote an exchange of information. Now the ITC’s primary goal is to assist in the exchange of information on test development and test use among its members and affiliate organizations, as well as with non-member societies, organizations, and individuals who desire to improve test-related practices. The ITC continues to engage in formulation of policies and best practices related to test development and test use.

Early Dalit Literature and Culture in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-Century Western India

1997 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 317-338 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Constable
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Cultural Identity ◽  
Early History ◽  
Community Leaders ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Western India ◽  
Cultural Struggle ◽  
History Of ◽  
Late Nineteenth ◽  
Separate Identity

The formation of the Dalit Panthers and the flourishing of Dalit literature in the 1970s saw the advent of a new connotation for the Marathi word ‘Dalit’. Chosen by the Mahar community leaders themselves, the title ‘Dalit’ was used by them to replace the titles of untouchable, Backward or Depressed Classes and Harijans, which had been coined by those outside the Dalit communities to describe the Mahar and Chambhar jatis. ‘Dalit’ identified those whose culture had been deliberately ‘broken’, ‘crushed to pieces’ or ‘ground down’ by the varna Hindu culture above them. As such, it contained an explicit repudiation of all the Hindu cultural norms of untouchability, varna structure and karma doctrine which varna Hindu society had imposed. The adoption of this new title was an affirmation of the Dalit community's struggle for cultural independence and separate identity. Yet this struggle for an independent cultural identity was not merely a cultural struggle of the 1970s, but one which stretched back almost a century to what, retrospectively, must be seen as the inception of Dalit literature and culture in the activities of the Anarya Dosh Pariharak Mandal and the first Dalit writings of Gopal Baba Valangkar in 1888. This article aims to recover this much-neglected early history of the Dalit communities of western India at the turn of the twentieth century. In particular, it examines how these early Dalit communities came to articulate an emergent Dalit cultural identity through the construction of a syncretic form of bhakti Hindu culture.

The Kiev State and Its Relations with Western Europe

1947 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 27-46
Author(s):  
F. Dvornik
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Early History ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Events ◽  
History Of ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
The Many

The early history of Russia is still in many respects an unexplored field, and the place which the first Russian political organisation occupied in Europe from the tenth to the twelfth century is not yet appreciated as it deserves to be, even by Russian scholars themselves. The research carried out in this field in Russia at the end of the nineteenth and in the early twentieth century was cut short for almost three decades by political events. It is only recently that the history of Kievan Russia has aroused a keener interest among the historians of Soviet Russia, as witness the many studies published in Vestnik Drevnei Istorii and especially the work of B. D. Grekov.

scholarly journals Краткий экскурс в раннюю историю изучения паремии как объекта этнолингвистики

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Анжелика Штейнгольд
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Early History ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
History Of

Как хорошо известно, пословицы и поговорки (в более общем смысле т. наз. паремии) являются не только художественными миниатюрами — анонимными произведениями устного народного творчества, употребление которых в речи диктуется потребностью в точности и выразительности, но также неписаным сводом этических норм и правил. Их назидательность и дидактичность во многом предопределяет существование особой “паремической” логики, на языковом уровне выражающейся в присущей пословицам и поговоркам специфической синтаксической оформленности. На поверхности лежит их семантическая многлоплановость, о чем в свое время писали А. Дандис [1978], А. Крикманн [1978; 1984], Ю.И. Левин [1984], Г.Л. Пермяков [1988] и др....Anzhelika ShteingoldOn the Early History of Proverb Studies (Proverb as an Object of Ethnolinguistics)It is often not clear what exactly is meant by certain words and constructions in a proverb, even though its actual (metaphorical) sense is understood. The origins of some historical proverbs might be grasped only by employing the data of cultural anthropology. In the present article a short overview of early proverb studies in Russia is given. In the nineteenth century and in the early part of the twentieth century there were many scholars in Russia who dealt with proverbs. For instance, I. Snegiryov, V. Dahl, F. Buslaev, A. Afanasyev, A. Potebnya, S. Maksimov. During the 1930’s this tradition was continued in the scientific papers of the academician J. Sokolov. Despite their methods of proverb studies not being contemporary, these researchers gave examples of etymology that would later receive support and approval from the scholars of our time.Keywords: Russian proverbs, ethnolinguistics, etymology, history of proverb studies.

Class Not Race in Legal Ethics: Or Why Hierarchy Makes Strange Bedfellows

2002 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
David B. Wilkins
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
Ethics Committees ◽  
Early History ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Legal Ethics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Corporate Lawyers

Susan Carle has given us a fascinating, thoroughly researched, and well-argued examination of the early history of the modern civil rights movement. She frames her inquiry of this rarely investigated period in terms of the tension between the NAACP's litigation tactics during the early part of the twentieth century and the professed ethics of the establishment lawyers who authored and approved these controversial measures. How, she asks, could leading corporate lawyers such as Charles Boston justify authorizing the NAACP's concerted campaign to solicit plaintiffs and create test cases while at the same time serving on ethics committees that expressly condemned such practices?

scholarly journals The Forgotten History of Repetitive Audio Technologies

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-194
Author(s):  
Christophe Levaux
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Magnetic Tape ◽  
Electronic Music ◽  
Ninth Century ◽  
Early History ◽  
Twentieth Century Music ◽  
History Of ◽  
Shed Light ◽  
Audio Technologies

In the literature dedicated to twentieth-century music, the early history of electronic music is regularly presented hand in hand with the development of technical repetitive devices such as closed grooves and magnetic tape loops. Consequently, the idea that such devices were ‘invented’ in the studios of the first great representatives of electronic music tends to appear as an implicit consequence. However, re-examination of the long history of musical technology, from the ninth-century Banu Musa automatic flute to the Hammond organ of the 1930s, reveals that repetitive devices not only go right back to the earliest days of musical automation, but also evolved in a wide variety of contexts wholly unconnected from any form of musical institution. This article aims to shed light on this other, forgotten, history of repetitive audio technologies.

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