Lead and Copper Rule: More Than Meets the Eye

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 (12) ◽  
pp. 11-11
Author(s):  
Chris Moody
Keyword(s):  
Lead And Copper Rule

Copper Corrosion Under the Lead and Copper Rule Long-Term Revisions

2016 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 56-61
Author(s):  
Damon K. Roth ◽  
David A. Cornwell ◽  
Richard A. Brown ◽  
Steve H. Via
Keyword(s):  
Copper Corrosion ◽  
Lead And Copper Rule

Lead and Copper Rule Corrections Issued

Opflow ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 4-5
Author(s):  
Fred Pontius
Keyword(s):  
Lead And Copper Rule

How to Comply With the Lead and Copper Rule

Opflow ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Frederick W. Pontius
Keyword(s):  
Lead And Copper Rule

Examining the Proposed Lead and Copper Rule Trigger Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (11) ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Sheldon V. Masters ◽  
Timothy A. Bartrand ◽  
Chad J. Seidel
Keyword(s):  
Trigger Level ◽  
Lead And Copper Rule

scholarly journals Monitoring the lead-and-copper rule with a water-gated field effect transistor

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 159-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahrah Alqahtani ◽  
Nawal Alghamdi ◽  
Martin Grell
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Thin Film Transistor ◽  
Threshold Shift ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Sno2 Thin Film ◽  
Pvc Membrane ◽  
Lead And Copper Rule ◽  
Action Levels

Abstract We use the natural zeolite clinoptilolite as the sensitive element in a plasticised PVC membrane. Separating a sample pool and a reference pool with such a membrane in water-gated SnO2 thin-film transistor (SnO2 WGTFT) leads to membrane potential, and thus transistor threshold shift in response to the common drinking water pollutants Pb2+ or Cu2+ in the sample pool. Threshold shift with ion concentration, c, follows a Langmuir–Freundlich (LF) characteristic. As the LF characteristic shows the steepest slope in the limit c → 0, this opens a window to limits-of-detection (LoDs) far below the ‘action levels’ of the ‘lead-and-copper rule’ for drinking water: Pb2+: LoD 0.9 nM vs 72 nM action level, Cu2+: LoD 14 nM vs 20.5 μM action level. LoDs are far lower than for membranes using organic macrocycles as their sensitive elements. Threshold shifts at the lead and copper action levels are more significant than shifts in response to variations in the concentration of non-toxic co-cations, and we discuss in detail how to moderate interference. The selective response to lead and copper qualifies clinoptilolite-sensitised WGTFTs as a low footprint sensor technology for monitoring the lead-and-copper rule, and to confirm the effectiveness of attempts to extract lead and copper from water. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

Reflections on the Lead and Copper Rule and Lead Levels in Flint's Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 (9) ◽  
pp. 42-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan J. Masten ◽  
Simon H. Davies ◽  
Syed W. Haider ◽  
Calley R. McPherson
Keyword(s):  
Lead Levels ◽  
Lead And Copper Rule
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