scholarly journals Brain Function Differences in Language Processing in Children and Adults with Autism

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 288-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diane L. Williams ◽  
Vladimir L. Cherkassky ◽  
Robert A. Mason ◽  
Timothy A. Keller ◽  
Nancy J. Minshew ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Adults With Autism

Language and Aging

2019 ◽  
pp. 294-316
Author(s):  
Jonathan E. Peelle
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Cognitive Changes ◽  
Older Adulthood ◽  
Neural Organization ◽  
Age Related ◽  
High Level

Language processing in older adulthood is a model of balance between preservation and decline. Despite widespread changes to physiological mechanisms supporting perception and cognition, older adults’ language abilities are frequently well preserved. At the same time, the neural systems engaged to achieve this high level of success change, and individual differences in neural organization appear to differentiate between more and less successful performers. This chapter reviews anatomical and cognitive changes that occur in aging and popular frameworks for age-related changes in brain function, followed by an examination of how these principles play out in the context of language comprehension and production.

scholarly journals Implicit Semantic Processing of Linguistic and Non-linguistic Stimuli in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emme O’Rourke ◽  
Emily L. Coderre
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Semantic Processing ◽  
Autistic Traits ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Adults With Autism ◽  
Priming Task ◽  
Adults With Asd

AbstractWhile many individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience difficulties with language processing, non-linguistic semantic processing may be intact. We examined neural responses to an implicit semantic priming task by comparing N400 responses—an event-related potential related to semantic processing—in response to semantically related or unrelated pairs of words or pictures. Adults with ASD showed larger N400 responses than typically developing adults for pictures, but no group differences occurred for words. However, we also observed complex modulations of N400 amplitude by age and by level of autistic traits. These results offer important implications for how groups are delineated and compared in autism research.

scholarly journals Searching through functional space reveals distributed visual, auditory, and semantic coding in the human brain

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sreejan Kumar ◽  
Cameron T. Ellis ◽  
Thomas O’Connell ◽  
Marvin M Chun ◽  
Nicholas B. Turk-Browne
Keyword(s):  
Human Brain ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Functional Space ◽  
Semantic Features ◽  
Brain Functions ◽  
Auditory Features ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe extent to which brain functions are localized or distributed is a foundational question in neuroscience. In the human brain, common fMRI methods such as cluster correction, atlas parcellation, and anatomical searchlight are biased by design toward finding localized representations. Here we introduce the functional searchlight approach as an alternative to anatomical searchlight analysis, the most commonly used exploratory multivariate fMRI technique. Functional searchlight removes any anatomical bias by grouping voxels based only on functional similarity and ignoring anatomical proximity. We report evidence that visual and auditory features from deep neural networks and semantic features from a natural language processing model are more widely distributed across the brain than previously acknowledged. This approach provides a new way to evaluate and constrain computational models with brain activity and pushes our understanding of human brain function further along the spectrum from strict modularity toward distributed representation.

scholarly journals The neural architecture of language: Integrative reverse-engineering converges on a model for predictive processing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schrimpf ◽  
Idan Blank ◽  
Greta Tuckute ◽  
Carina Kauf ◽  
Eghbal A. Hosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Engineering ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Data Types ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThe neuroscience of perception has recently been revolutionized with an integrative reverse-engineering approach in which computation, brain function, and behavior are linked across many different datasets and many computational models. We here present a first systematic study taking this approach into higher-level cognition: human language processing, our species’ signature cognitive skill. We find that the most powerful ‘transformer’ networks predict neural responses at nearly 100% and generalize across different datasets and data types (fMRI, ECoG). Across models, significant correlations are observed among all three metrics of performance: neural fit, fit to behavioral responses, and accuracy on the next-word prediction task (but not other language tasks), consistent with the long-standing hypothesis that the brain’s language system is optimized for predictive processing. Model architectures with initial weights further perform surprisingly similar to final trained models, suggesting that inherent structure – and not just experience with language – crucially contributes to a model’s match to the brain.

scholarly journals Brain Asymmetry: Towards an Asymmetrical Neurovisceral Integration

Symmetry ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 2409
Author(s):  
Manuel Ramírez-Sánchez ◽  
Isabel Prieto ◽  
Ana Belén Segarra ◽  
Inmaculada Banegas ◽  
Magdalena Martínez-Cañamero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Functional Significance ◽  
Brain Asymmetry ◽  
Asymmetric Distribution ◽  
Bidirectional Communication ◽  
Evolutionary Advantage ◽  
Communication Pathway ◽  
Overall Functioning ◽  
Static Concept

Despite the ancestral evidence of an asymmetry in motor predominance, going through the inspiring discoveries of Broca and Wernicke on the localization of language processing, continuing with the subsequent noise coinciding with the study of brain function in commissurotomized patients—and the subsequent avalanche of data on the asymmetric distribution of multiple types of neurotransmitters in physiological and pathological conditions—even today, the functional significance of brain asymmetry is still unknown. Currently, multiple evidence suggests that functional asymmetries must have a neurochemical substrate and that brain asymmetry is not a static concept but rather a dynamic one, with intra- and inter-hemispheric interactions between its various processes, and that it is modifiable depending on changing endogenous and environmental conditions. Furthermore, based on the concept of neurovisceral integration in the overall functioning of an organism, some evidence has emerged suggesting that this integration could be organized asymmetrically, using the autonomic nervous system as a bidirectional communication pathway, whose performance would also be asymmetric. However, the functional significance of this distribution, as well as the evolutionary advantage of an asymmetric nervous organization, is still unknown.

scholarly journals The Interplay Between Attentional Strategies and Language Processing in High-functioning Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 805-814 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophieke Koolen ◽  
Constance Th. W. M. Vissers ◽  
Angelique W. C. J. Hendriks ◽  
Jos I. M. Egger ◽  
Ludo Verhoeven
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Adults With Autism ◽  
High Functioning ◽  
Attentional Strategies

The neural architecture of language: Integrative modeling converges on predictive processing

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (45) ◽  
pp. e2105646118
Author(s):  
Martin Schrimpf ◽  
Idan Asher Blank ◽  
Greta Tuckute ◽  
Carina Kauf ◽  
Eghbal A. Hosseini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Neural Architecture ◽  
Integrative Modeling ◽  
And Behavior

The neuroscience of perception has recently been revolutionized with an integrative modeling approach in which computation, brain function, and behavior are linked across many datasets and many computational models. By revealing trends across models, this approach yields novel insights into cognitive and neural mechanisms in the target domain. We here present a systematic study taking this approach to higher-level cognition: human language processing, our species’ signature cognitive skill. We find that the most powerful “transformer” models predict nearly 100% of explainable variance in neural responses to sentences and generalize across different datasets and imaging modalities (functional MRI and electrocorticography). Models’ neural fits (“brain score”) and fits to behavioral responses are both strongly correlated with model accuracy on the next-word prediction task (but not other language tasks). Model architecture appears to substantially contribute to neural fit. These results provide computationally explicit evidence that predictive processing fundamentally shapes the language comprehension mechanisms in the human brain.

scholarly journals LANGUAGE COMPETENCE OF STUDENT TOWARD RIGHT HEMISPHER BRAIN FUNCTION : A Neuropragmatic Study

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Handoko Handoko ◽  
Gusdi Sastra ◽  
Ike Revita
Keyword(s):  
Language Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Discourse Processing ◽  
English Department ◽  
Paper Test ◽  
Language Competence ◽  
Communication Assessment ◽  
The Right

It has been known that the right hemisphere is contributed to language processing, especially in macro level, including macrostructure or discourse processing. This research is aimed at evaluating the students’ ability in language processing concerning macrostructure and the right hemispher brain function. This research is based on Dharmaperwira-prins method “Right Hemisphere Communication Assessment” (Pemeriksaan Komunikasi Hemisfer Kanan/PKHK). Research on students’ ability in macrostructure processing is important to conduct since students nowadays are regarded lack of ability in well being communication. The research is conducted toward 38 students of English Department of Andalas University. The data are taken by paper test which is designed to evaluate the students’ ability in macrostructure. The result of research shows that most students have problems in providing important information, adjective, and feeling. By this result, it can be assumed that the participants have problem in right hemisphere competence concerning to language processing. These problems evoke not by accident or lesion in right hemisphere, yet it is caused by brain development which is focused on left hemisphere only.Keyword: Right Hemisphere, Language Assessment, Lexical Semantic, Macrostructure, Pragmatic

Mild Hearing Loss Can Impair Brain Function

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 4-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dan H. Sanes
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Auditory Processing ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Behavioral Deficits ◽  
Profound Deafness ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Mild Hearing Loss ◽  
Speech And Language Processing

The emphasis of hearing loss research has been to establish the long-term consequences of permanent, severe to profound deafness. However, auditory processing deficits can be induced by transient, mild hearing loss during childhood. These deficits in perception, speech, and language processing can persist long after normal audibility is restored. One explanation for the persistence of these deficits is that transient hearing loss causes irreversible changes to the central nervous system (CNS) cellular properties that may lead to degraded stimulus encoding. Therefore, this review evaluates the premise that mild hearing loss during development induces behavioral deficits, and that these auditory deficits are causally related to changes within the CNS.

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