Formation of new rod photoreceptor synapses onto differentiated bipolar cells in goldfish retina

1985 ◽  
Vol 211 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Henrik Kock ◽  
William K. Stell
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Rod Photoreceptor ◽  
Goldfish Retina

scholarly journals Dihydropyridine-sensitive calcium current mediates neurotransmitter release from bipolar cells of the goldfish retina

1993 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 2898-2909 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Tachibana ◽  
T Okada ◽  
T Arimura ◽  
K Kobayashi ◽  
M Piccolino
Keyword(s):  
Neurotransmitter Release ◽  
Calcium Current ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Goldfish Retina

GABAergic input to the synaptic terminals of mb1 bipolar cells in the goldfish retina

1987 ◽  
Vol 411 (2) ◽  
pp. 400-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Yazulla ◽  
Keith M. Studholme ◽  
Jang-Yen Wu
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Synaptic Terminals ◽  
Goldfish Retina

Probing inner retinal circuits in the rod pathway: A comparison of c-fos activation in mutant mice

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 873-881 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRETT W. HANZLICEK ◽  
NEAL S. PEACHEY ◽  
CHRISTIAN GRIMM ◽  
STEPHANIE A. HAGSTROM ◽  
SHERRY L. BALL
Keyword(s):  
Light Exposure ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Early Gene ◽  
Rod Photoreceptor ◽  
Cone Photoreceptor ◽  
Outer Retina ◽  
Inner Retina ◽  
Double Labeling ◽  
Immunohistochemical Studies

We have used wild-type mice and mice possessing defects in specific retinal circuits in order to more clearly define functional circuits of the inner retina. The retina of the nob mouse lacks communication between photoreceptors and depolarizing bipolar cells (DBCs). Thus, all light driven activity in the nob mouse is mediated via remaining hyperpolarizing bipolar cell (HBC) circuits. Transducin null (Trα−/−) mice lack rod photoreceptor activity and thus remaining retinal circuits are solely generated via cone photoreceptor activity. Activation in inner retinal circuits in each of these mice was identified by monitoring light-induced expression of an immediate early gene, c-fos. The number of cells expressing c-fos in the inner retina was dependent upon stimulus intensity and was altered in a systematic fashion in mice with known retinal mutations. To determine whether c-fos is activated via circuits other than photoreceptors in the outer retina, we examined c-fos expression in tulp1−/− mice that lack photoreceptors in the outer retina; these mice showed virtually no c-fos activity following light exposure. Double-labeling immunohistochemical studies were carried out to more clearly define the population of c-fos expressing amacrine cells. Our results indicate that c-fos may be used to map functional circuits in the retina.

Expression profiling of GABAA receptor β-subunits in the rat retina

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Grigorenko ◽  
Hermes H. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Rod Photoreceptor ◽  
Β Subunit ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Retinal Neuron ◽  
Rat Retina

AbstractThis study profiled the expression of the family of GABAA receptor β-subunits in the adult rat retina. Using a combination of reverse transcriptase reaction followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with gene-specific primers, the expression of mRNAs encoding the β1, β2, and β3 subunits was first examined in the intact retina and then in separated retinal nuclear layers. However, it was found that a critical analysis. had to be carried out at the level of the single cell in order to resolve the differential patterns of expression among the retinal cell types. When cells were isolated and identified following acute dissociation, RT-PCR revealed that individual rod photoreceptor cells expressed consistently the β1 and β2 messages while the bipolar cells expressed the β1 and β3 messages. Ganglion cells displayed considerable variability in β-subunit expression, perhaps reflecting their functional and morphological heterogeneity in the retina. In contrast, the nonneuronal Mueller cells did not express any of the β-subunit messages. These results indicate that the expression of GABAA receptor subunits is cell-type dependent. Furthermore, as the expression of other families of GABAA receptor subunits are profiled and the patterns of subunit assembly are better understood, our results raise the possibility that GABAA receptors with different subunit compositions can be expected to be coexpressed within a single retinal neuron.

Static and Dynamic Membrane Properties of Large-Terminal Bipolar Cells From Goldfish Retina: Experimental Test of a Compartment Model

1997 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven Mennerick ◽  
David Zenisek ◽  
Gary Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Equivalent Circuit ◽  
Experimental Test ◽  
Compartment Model ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Synaptic Terminal ◽  
Isolated Cells ◽  
Dynamic Membrane ◽  
Capacitance Measurements ◽  
Goldfish Retina

Mennerick, Steven, David Zenisek, and Gary Matthews. Static and dynamic membrane properties of large-terminal bipolar cells from goldfish retina: experimental test of a compartment model. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 51–62, 1997. Capacitance measurements allow direct studies of exocytosis and endocytosis in single synaptic terminals isolated from bipolar neurons of goldfish retina. Extending the technique to intact bipolar cells, with their more complex morphology, requires information about the cells' electrotonic architecture. To this end, we developed a compartment model of bipolar neurons isolated from goldfish retina and tested the model experimentally. The isolated cells retained morphology similar to that of bipolar neurons in intact goldfish retina. In whole cell recordings, current relaxations in response to 10-mV hyperpolarizing voltage pulses decayed with a biexponential time course. This suggests that the cells may be described by a two-compartment equivalent circuit with compartments corresponding to the soma/dendrites (6–10 pF) and synaptic terminal (2–4 pF), linked by the axial resistance (30–60 MΩ) of the axon. Four lines of evidence validate the equivalent circuit. 1) Similar estimates of somatic/dendritic and terminal capacitance were obtained whether the patch pipette was attached to the soma or to the synaptic terminal. 2) Estimates of the capacitance of the two compartments in intact cells were similar to estimates from somata and terminals that were isolated by cleavage of the connecting axon. 3) When current transients were generated from a more complete computer simulation of a bipolar neuron, analysis of the simulated transients with the use of the simple two-compartment model yielded capacitance estimates similar to those used to set up the simulation. 4) In isolated cells, the model gave estimates of depolarization-evoked increases in capacitance of the synaptic terminal that were quantitatively similar to those measured in terminals that were detached from the rest of the cell. Although in previous studies researchers have attempted to apply a similar equivalent circuit to more geometrically complex cells, morphological correlates of the equivalent-circuit compartments have been elusive. Our results demonstrate that in dissociated bipolar cells, precise morphological correlates can be assigned to the equivalent-circuit compartments. Additionally, the work shows that time-resolved capacitance measurements of synaptic transmitter release are possible in intact, isolated bipolar neurons and may also be feasible in intact tissue.

Substance P modulates calcium current in retinal bipolar neurons

1992 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 539-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
George S. Ayoub ◽  
Gary Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Substance P ◽  
Calcium Current ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Voltage Range ◽  
Patch Pipette ◽  
Voltage Dependent ◽  
Dependent Inhibition ◽  
Goldfish Retina

AbstractRetinal bipolar cells are non-spiking interneurons that relay information from photoreceptors to amacrine and ganglion cells. In turn, bipolar cells receive extensive synaptic feedback from amacrine cells, some of which contain neuropeptides, including substance P. We have examined the effect of substance P on single bipolar neurons isolated from goldfish retina and find that substance P (0.1–1 nM) produced a voltage-dependent inhibition of calcium current in these cells. The inhibition was strongest at negative potentials, with the peak suppression occurring at –20 to –30 mV; at potentials positive to 0 mV, there was little effect on calcium current. Thus, the net effect was to shift the voltage range of activation of calcium current toward more positive potentials. The inhibition of calcium current by substance P required GTP in the patch pipette and was blocked by internal GDP-β-S. Similar effects on calcium current were observed with somatostatin and metenkephalin, which are also found in amacrine cells.

Photoreceptor calcium channels: Insight from night blindness

2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 561-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
CATHERINE W. MORGANS ◽  
PHILIPPA R. BAYLEY ◽  
NICHOLAS W. OESCH ◽  
GAOYING REN ◽  
LAKSHMI AKILESWARAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Channels ◽  
Calcium Channel ◽  
Night Blindness ◽  
Genetic Locus ◽  
Glutamate Release ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Calcium Currents ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Rod Photoreceptor ◽  
Gene Encoding

The genetic locus for incomplete congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB2) has been identified as the CACNA1f gene, encoding the α1F calcium channel subunit, a member of the L-type family of calcium channels. The electroretinogram associated with CSNB2 implicates α1F in synaptic transmission between retinal photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Using a recently developed monoclonal antibody to α1F, we localize the channel to ribbon active zones in rod photoreceptor terminals of the mouse retina, supporting a role for α1F in mediating glutamate release from rods. Detergent extraction experiments indicate that α1F is part of a detergent-resistant active zone complex, which also includes the synaptic ribbons. Comparison of native mouse rod calcium currents with recombinant α1F currents reveals that the current–voltage relationship for the native current is shifted approximately 30 mV to more hyperpolarized potentials than for the recombinant α1F current, suggesting modulation of the native channel by intracellular factors. Lastly, we present evidence for L-type α1D calcium channel subunits in cone terminals of the mouse retina. The presence of α1D channels in cones may explain the residual visual abilities of individuals with CSNB2.

Differential distribution of synaptotagmin immunoreactivity among synapses in the goldfish, salamander, and mouse retina

2003 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
RUTH HEIDELBERGER ◽  
MENG M. WANG ◽  
DAVID M. SHERRY
Keyword(s):  
Posttranslational Modifications ◽  
Bipolar Cell ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Calcium Sensor ◽  
Differential Distribution ◽  
Western Blots ◽  
Goldfish Retina

Synaptotagmin I is the leading candidate for the calcium sensor that triggers exocytosis at conventional synapses. However, physiological characterization of the calcium sensor for phasic release at the ribbon-style synapses of the goldfish Mb1 bipolar cell demonstrates a lower than predicted affinity for calcium, suggesting that a modified or different sensor triggers exocytosis at this synapse. We examined synaptotagmin immunolabeling in goldfish retina using two different antibodies directed against synaptotagmin epitopes that specifically labeled the expected 65-kDa protein on western blots of goldfish and mouse retinal membranes. The first antiserum strongly labeled conventional synapses in the inner plexiform layer (IPL), but did not label the ribbon-style synapse-containing synaptic terminals of goldfish Mb1 bipolar cells or photoreceptors. The second antibody also specifically labeled the expected 65-kDa protein on western blots but did not label any synapses in the goldfish retina. A third synaptotagmin antibody that performed poorly on western blots selectively labeled goldfish photoreceptor terminals. These results suggest that synaptotagmin may exist in at least three distinct “forms” in goldfish retinal synapses. These forms, which are differentially localized to conventional synapses, bipolar cell, and photoreceptor terminals, may represent differences in isoform, posttranslational modifications, epitope availability, and protein-binding partners. Labeling with these antibodies in the salamander and mouse retina revealed species-specific differences, indicating that synaptotagmin epitopes can vary across species as well as among synapses.

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