Isolation of viable human muscle spindles for electron microscopic and physiologic study

1974 ◽  
Vol 179 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Kennedy ◽  
Richard E. Poppele ◽  
Nancy A. Staley
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Electron Microscopic

scholarly journals Human Muscle Spindles Act as Forward Sensory Models

2010 ◽  
Vol 20 (19) ◽  
pp. 1763-1767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Dimitriou ◽  
Benoni B. Edin
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Human Muscle

scholarly journals Functional properties of human muscle spindles

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (2) ◽  
pp. 452-467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vaughan G. Macefield ◽  
Thomas P. Knellwolf
Keyword(s):  
Functional Properties ◽  
Somatosensory System ◽  
Muscle Length ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Independent Control ◽  
Fascicle Length ◽  
Muscle Fascicle ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Human Muscles

Muscle spindles are ubiquitous encapsulated mechanoreceptors found in most mammalian muscles. There are two types of endings, primary and secondary, and both are sensitive to changes in muscle length and velocity, with the primary endings having a greater dynamic sensitivity. Unlike other mechanoreceptors in the somatosensory system, muscle spindles are unique in possessing motor innervation, via γ-motoneurons (fusimotor neurons), that control their sensitivity to stretch. Much of what we know about human muscles spindles comes from studying the behavior of their afferents via intraneural microelectrodes (microneurography) inserted into accessible peripheral nerves. We review the functional properties of human muscle spindles, comparing and contrasting with what we know about the functions of muscle spindles studied in experimental animals. As in the cat, many human muscle spindles possess a background discharge that is related to the degree of muscle stretch, but mean firing rates are much lower (~10 Hz). They can faithfully encode changes in muscle fascicle length in passive conditions, but higher level extraction of information is required by the central nervous system to measure changes in muscle length during muscle contraction. Moreover, although there is some evidence supporting independent control of human muscle spindles via fusimotor neurons, any effects are modest compared with the clearly independent control of fusimotor neurons observed in the cat.

Dual response from human muscle spindles in fast voluntary movements

1991 ◽  
Vol 141 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. AL-FALAHE ◽  
M. NAGAOKA ◽  
A. B. VALLBO
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Voluntary Movements ◽  
Dual Response

Innervation of normal human muscle spindles

Neurology ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Kennedy
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Normal Human

scholarly journals Sympathetic innervation of human muscle spindles

2015 ◽  
Vol 226 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dina Radovanovic ◽  
Kevin Peikert ◽  
Mona Lindström ◽  
Fatima Pedrosa Domellöf
Keyword(s):  
Sympathetic Innervation ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Human Muscle

Human muscle spindles: fine structure of the primary sensory ending

1975 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 675-695 ◽  
Author(s):  
William R. Kennedy ◽  
Henry deF Webster ◽  
Kwon Sang Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Muscle Spindles ◽  
Human Muscle ◽  
Sensory Ending
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