Geographic concordance of genetic barriers in New Zealand coastal marine species

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Arranz ◽  
Rachel M. Fewster ◽  
Shane D. Lavery
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Genetic Barriers

scholarly journals Population genetics and connectivity in Paphies subtriangulata and Paphies australis (Bivalvia: Mesodesmatidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Danielle Amelia Hannan
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Genetic Population Structure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Coastal Marine

<p>Understanding the different types of genetic population structure that characterise marine species, and the processes driving such patterns, is crucial for establishing links between the ecology and evolution of a species. This knowledge is vital for management and conservation of marine species. Genetic approaches are a powerful tool for revealing ecologically relevant insights to marine population dynamics. Geographic patterns of genetic population structure are largely determined by the rate at which individuals are exchanged among populations (termed ‘population connectivity’), which in turn is influenced by conditions in the physical environment. The complexity of the New Zealand marine environment makes it difficult to predict how physical oceanographic and environmental processes will influence connectivity in coastal marine organisms and hence the type of genetic structure that will form. This complexity presents a challenge for management of marine resources but also makes the New Zealand region an interesting model system to investigate how and why population structure develops and evolves over time. Paphies subtriangulata (tuatua) and P. australis (pipi) are endemic bivalve ‘surf clams’ commonly found on New Zealand surf beaches and harbour/estuary environments, respectively. They form important recreational, customary and commercial fisheries, yet little is known about the stock structure of these species. This study aimed to use genetic techniques to determine population structure, levels of connectivity and ‘seascape’ genetic patterns in P. subtriangulata and P. australis, and to gain further knowledge of common population genetic processes operating in the New Zealand coastal marine environment. Eleven and 14 novel microsatellite markers were developed for P. subtriangulata and P. australis, respectively. Samples were collected from 10 locations for P. subtriangulata and 13 locations for P. australis (35-57 samples per location; total sample size of 517 for P. subtriangulata and 674 for P. australis). Geographic patterns of genetic variation were measured and rates of migration among locations were estimated on recent and historic time scales. Both species were characterised by genetic population structure that was consistent with their habitat. For P. subtriangulata, the Chatham Island population was strongly differentiated from the rest of the sampled locations. The majority of mainland locations were undifferentiated and estimated rates of migration among locations were high on both time scales investigated, although differentiation among some populations was observed. For P. australis, an overall isolation by distance (IBD) pattern was likely to be driven by distance between discrete estuary habitats. However, it was difficult to distinguish IBD from hierarchical structure as populations could be further subdivided into three significantly differentiated groups (Northern, South Eastern and South Western), providing evidence for barriers to dispersal. Further small scale patterns of genetic differentiation were observed in some locations, suggesting that complex current patterns and high self-recruitment drive small scale genetic population structure in both P. subtriangulata and P. australis. These patterns of genetic variation were used in seascape genetic analyses to test for associations with environmental variables, with the purpose of understanding the processes that might shape genetic population structure in these two species. Although genetic population structure varied between the two species, common physical and environmental variables (geographic distance, sea surface temperature, bed slope, tidal currents) are likely to be involved in the structuring of populations. Results suggest that local adaptation, in combination with restricted dispersal, could play a role in driving the small scale patterns of genetic differentiation seen among some localities. Overall, the outcomes of this research fill a gap in our knowledge about the rates and routes by which populations are connected and the environmental factors influencing such patterns in the New Zealand marine environment. Other studies have highlighted the importance of using multi-faceted approaches to understand complex processes operating in the marine environment. The present study is an important first step in this direction as these methods are yet to be widely applied to New Zealand marine species. Importantly, this study used a comparative approach, applying standardised methodology to compare genetic population structure and migration across species. Such an approach is necessary if we wish to build a robust understanding of the spatial and temporal complexities of population dynamics in the New Zealand coastal marine environment, and to develop effective management strategies for our unique marine species.</p>

scholarly journals Population genetics and connectivity in Paphies subtriangulata and Paphies australis (Bivalvia: Mesodesmatidae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Danielle Amelia Hannan
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Marine Environment ◽  
Environmental Variables ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Genetic Population Structure ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Genetic Population ◽  
Geographic Patterns ◽  
Coastal Marine

<p>Understanding the different types of genetic population structure that characterise marine species, and the processes driving such patterns, is crucial for establishing links between the ecology and evolution of a species. This knowledge is vital for management and conservation of marine species. Genetic approaches are a powerful tool for revealing ecologically relevant insights to marine population dynamics. Geographic patterns of genetic population structure are largely determined by the rate at which individuals are exchanged among populations (termed ‘population connectivity’), which in turn is influenced by conditions in the physical environment. The complexity of the New Zealand marine environment makes it difficult to predict how physical oceanographic and environmental processes will influence connectivity in coastal marine organisms and hence the type of genetic structure that will form. This complexity presents a challenge for management of marine resources but also makes the New Zealand region an interesting model system to investigate how and why population structure develops and evolves over time. Paphies subtriangulata (tuatua) and P. australis (pipi) are endemic bivalve ‘surf clams’ commonly found on New Zealand surf beaches and harbour/estuary environments, respectively. They form important recreational, customary and commercial fisheries, yet little is known about the stock structure of these species. This study aimed to use genetic techniques to determine population structure, levels of connectivity and ‘seascape’ genetic patterns in P. subtriangulata and P. australis, and to gain further knowledge of common population genetic processes operating in the New Zealand coastal marine environment. Eleven and 14 novel microsatellite markers were developed for P. subtriangulata and P. australis, respectively. Samples were collected from 10 locations for P. subtriangulata and 13 locations for P. australis (35-57 samples per location; total sample size of 517 for P. subtriangulata and 674 for P. australis). Geographic patterns of genetic variation were measured and rates of migration among locations were estimated on recent and historic time scales. Both species were characterised by genetic population structure that was consistent with their habitat. For P. subtriangulata, the Chatham Island population was strongly differentiated from the rest of the sampled locations. The majority of mainland locations were undifferentiated and estimated rates of migration among locations were high on both time scales investigated, although differentiation among some populations was observed. For P. australis, an overall isolation by distance (IBD) pattern was likely to be driven by distance between discrete estuary habitats. However, it was difficult to distinguish IBD from hierarchical structure as populations could be further subdivided into three significantly differentiated groups (Northern, South Eastern and South Western), providing evidence for barriers to dispersal. Further small scale patterns of genetic differentiation were observed in some locations, suggesting that complex current patterns and high self-recruitment drive small scale genetic population structure in both P. subtriangulata and P. australis. These patterns of genetic variation were used in seascape genetic analyses to test for associations with environmental variables, with the purpose of understanding the processes that might shape genetic population structure in these two species. Although genetic population structure varied between the two species, common physical and environmental variables (geographic distance, sea surface temperature, bed slope, tidal currents) are likely to be involved in the structuring of populations. Results suggest that local adaptation, in combination with restricted dispersal, could play a role in driving the small scale patterns of genetic differentiation seen among some localities. Overall, the outcomes of this research fill a gap in our knowledge about the rates and routes by which populations are connected and the environmental factors influencing such patterns in the New Zealand marine environment. Other studies have highlighted the importance of using multi-faceted approaches to understand complex processes operating in the marine environment. The present study is an important first step in this direction as these methods are yet to be widely applied to New Zealand marine species. Importantly, this study used a comparative approach, applying standardised methodology to compare genetic population structure and migration across species. Such an approach is necessary if we wish to build a robust understanding of the spatial and temporal complexities of population dynamics in the New Zealand coastal marine environment, and to develop effective management strategies for our unique marine species.</p>

Applicability of management guidelines for surfing resources in California

Shore & Beach ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 53-64
Author(s):  
Edward Atkin ◽  
Dan Reineman ◽  
Jesse Reiblich ◽  
David Revell
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Management Guidelines ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Legal Frameworks

Surf breaks are finite, valuable, and vulnerable natural resources, that not only influence community and cultural identities, but are a source of revenue and provide a range of health benefits. Despite these values, surf breaks largely lack recognition as coastal resources and therefore the associated management measures required to maintain them. Some countries, especially those endowed with high-quality surf breaks and where the sport of surfing is accepted as mainstream, have recognized the value of surfing resources and have specific policies for their conservation. In Aotearoa New Zealand surf breaks are included within national environmental policy. Aotearoa New Zealand has recently produced Management Guidelines for Surfing Resources (MGSR), which were developed in conjunction with universities, regional authorities, not-for-profit entities, and government agencies. The MGSR provide recommendations for both consenting authorities and those wishing to undertake activities in the coastal marine area, as well as tools and techniques to aid in the management of surfing resources. While the MGSR are firmly aligned with Aotearoa New Zealand’s cultural and legal frameworks, much of their content is applicable to surf breaks worldwide. In the United States, there are several national-level and state-level statutes that are generally relevant to various aspects of surfing resources, but there is no law or policy that directly addresses them. This paper describes the MGSR, considers California’s existing governance frameworks, and examines the potential benefits of adapting and expanding the MGSR in this state.

scholarly journals Population structure in a continuously distributed coastal marine species, the harbor porpoise, based on microhaplotypes derived from poor‐quality samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1457-1476
Author(s):  
Phillip A. Morin ◽  
Brenna R. Forester ◽  
Karin A. Forney ◽  
Carla A. Crossman ◽  
Brittany L. Hancock‐Hanser ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Structure ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Harbor Porpoise ◽  
Coastal Marine

Evidence-Based Decision Making to Underpin the Thresholds in New Zealand's Craft Risk Management Standard: Biofouling on Vessels Arriving to New Zealand

2017 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Georgiades ◽  
Daniel Kluza
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Management Standard ◽  
Antifouling Coatings ◽  
Slime Layer ◽  
Taxonomic Groups

AbstractVessel biofouling is a significant pathway for the introduction of nonindigenous marine species (NIMS). New Zealand is the first nation to regulate the vessel biofouling pathway, with controls scheduled to come into force in May 2018. The Craft Risk Management Standard (CRMS): Biofouling on Vessels Arriving to New Zealand specifies the hull fouling thresholds that vessels must meet; and here, we present the evidence-based decisions that underpin these thresholds.Under the CRMS, a vessel must arrive in New Zealand with a “clean hull,” the thresholds for which are governed by the intended duration of a vessel's stay in New Zealand. For example, long-stay (≥21 days) vessels must meet a more stringent standard of hull cleanliness due to the increased likelihood of release and establishment of NIMS. While setting a clean hull threshold at “slime layer only” can be tractable when vessels operate within the specifications of antifouling coatings, incidental amounts of macrofouling can establish even under the best management practices. Because of such instances, the thresholds within the CRMS were designed to allow for the presence of some macrofouling species, albeit with restrictions to minimize biosecurity risk. These thresholds are intended to limit species richness and to prevent successful reproduction and settlement of the allowed taxonomic groups while considering the practicality and feasibility of implementation.The difficulties of managing biofouling on different areas of the hull are acknowledged within these thresholds. For example, a greater tolerance of macrofouling has been allowed for niche areas due to the difficulties in preventing biofouling on these areas.

Upper thermal limits and warming safety margins of coastal marine species – Indicator baseline for future reference

2019 ◽  
Vol 102 ◽  
pp. 644-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Vinagre ◽  
Marta Dias ◽  
Rui Cereja ◽  
Francisca Abreu-Afonso ◽  
Augusto A.V. Flores ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Marine Species ◽  
Thermal Limits ◽  
Coastal Marine ◽  
Safety Margins ◽  
Future Reference

Patterns of chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination in New Zealand sub-Antarctic and coastal marine birds

1975 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seddon L. Bennington ◽  
Peter G. Connors ◽  
Carolyn Wolfram Connors ◽  
Robert W. Risebrough
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Hydrocarbon Contamination ◽  
Marine Birds ◽  
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon ◽  
Coastal Marine

scholarly journals The Memories of Our Future: The Memories of Maūi

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Shannon Lenihan
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Marine Ecology ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Cetacean Species ◽  
Narrative Design ◽  
Oil Platforms ◽  
Offshore Oil And Gas ◽  
Offshore Oil

<p>This thesis proposes a way to re-inhabit and transform the adverse identity of an old offshore oil and gas platform. Located 35 kilometers off the West Coast of Taranaki, New Zealand, the Māui A Platform (also known as MPA) is transformed in this thesis design investigation into an Environmental Centre, a living retreat for ‘children’ (in fact, for adults who will be encouraged in the design to see life through the eyes of children). The intention is to generate knowledge and awareness about the environment.  The Māui A and Māui B offshore oil and gas platforms are nearing the end of their economic lifespan. Globally, the current most common decommissioning method of oil platforms involves the use of explosives at the base of the jacket. The structure is then towed to shore and dismantled. The explosives leave scars not only on the landscape the platforms once inhabited; they critically damage the surrounding marine ecology, vast numbers of marine species. This is of severe concern for the marine life and ecosystems surrounding the Māui A & Māui B Platforms as they are located in an extremely sensitive marine area where over 30 percent of the world’s cetacean species inhabit or through which they frequently migrate. Only two of these marine mammal species are not listed as ‘species of concern’ in the New Zealand Threat Classification list.  The future of these platforms does not need to cause more adversity to the environment, but rather can regenerate it. By re-purposing rather than exploding and dismantling these structures, this thesis aims to propose a way to re-inhabit the Māui A Platform and transform it into an educational retreat that enables further awareness, reconciliation, restoration, and protection of marine systems, environment, and threatened marine species. This thesis explores opportunities to create a closed circuit system as a means of providing food, fresh water, water treatment and energy for the platform.  To achieve this regenerative solution in ways that will resonate with those who visit the Māui A Platform, this project enters the realm of the imagination. The imagination is fundamental to learning - hence the proposition that this design be framed as both mythological and experiential. Narrative design – story telling – is explored as a tool to connect sustainable awareness and consciousness as a means to help educate the beneficiaries of this world – our ‘children’. To encourage the adult visitors to fully recognise that the beneficiaries are indeed our children, the thesis investigation will design the new Environmental Centre through the eyes of the child. As a tool to enhance the historic narrative of the site and context, the design strategically frames traces of important or unnoticed elements or equipment of the Māui A Platform.  In order to be understood and engaged with by ‘children’, this project enters the realm of the imagination enabling the design to be both mythological and experiential.</p>

scholarly journals Managing Risks from Invasive Marine Species:  Is Post-Border Management Feasible?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Barrie Forrest
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Similar Species ◽  
Worst Case ◽  
Spore Release ◽  
Vector Management ◽  
Rocky Habitat

<p>Non-indigenous marine species are a major threat to marine environments and economies globally. This thesis examines whether management of pest organisms post-border (i.e, after they have established in New Zealand) is feasible in the marine environment, using the non-indigenous Asian kelp Undaria pinnatifida as a model organism. Background information on Undaria in Chapter 2 recognises the paucity of information on Undaria's impacts. Hence, Chapter 3 investigates ecological effects from Undaria in a low shore rocky habitat. Although negligible effects were described, the uncertainty in extrapolating findings to other places and times means that the precautionary principle should be applied by managers, and 'worst-case' impacts assumed. Chapter 4 investigates mechanisms for Undaria's natural dispersal, and describes strategies based on spore release and sporophyte drift that may lead to spread over scales of metres to kilometres. This work highlights the importance of human transport vectors (especially vessels and aquaculture) in the post-border spread of Undaria at regional and national scales. Hence, a case study in Chapter 5 describes aquaculture activities that could be vectors for spread of Undaria in New Zealand, and presents criteria for identifying present and future high risk pathways. Chapters 6 and 7 describe methods to reduce the accidental transport of Undaria and other biofouling pests with aquaculture, with a focus on mussel farming. Treatments based on water blasting, air drying and freshwater immersion provide low cost options for equipment such as floats and rope. For treatment of mussel seed-stock, immersion in dilute (4%) acetic acid (the active ingredient in vinegar) is identified as a method that could eliminate Undaria and other soft-bodied fouling organisms without resulting in an unacceptable level of mussel mortality. Chapter 8 proposes a risk-based framework for setting post-border management priorities based on the feasibility, benefits and costs of risk reduction. This chapter elucidates how knowledge generated from research in Chapters 2-7 can be used in a biosecurity risk management context. It shows that effective management post-border is possible even when pest organisms become relatively well established, and that the benefits gained from even limited successes have the potential to greatly outweigh the consequences of uncontrolled invasion. However, as unwanted species become increasingly widespread, management will become increasingly focussed on the protection of specific values. Chapter 9 extends some of the ideas proposed in Chapter 8, and considers a broad postborder management framework for marine pests. A comprehensive system should consist of vector management, surveillance, and incursion response that targets particular pests or suites of functionally similar species (e.g., biofouling organisms), coupled with generic vector management approaches that aim to reduce humanmediated transport of all organisms at a national scale. New Zealand's geographic isolation and low population, hence relatively low level of vector activity, makes the management of human-mediated pathways of spread entirely feasible in many circumstances. Hence, while there are clearly many challenges in the post-border management of marine pests, this is nonetheless a realistic goal, and probably moreso in New Zealand than in any other country in the world.</p>

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