Mechanical stability of high-molecular-weight polyacrylamides and an (acrylamidotert-butyl sulfonic acid)-acrylamide copolymer used in enhanced oil recovery

2014 ◽  
Vol 131 (20) ◽  
pp. n/a-n/a ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul-Aziz Al-Hashmi ◽  
Rashid Al-Maamari ◽  
Ibtisam Al-Shabibi ◽  
Ahmed Mansoor ◽  
Hamed Al-Sharji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Mechanical Stability

scholarly journals Investigation of inverse emulsion assisted controlled release of polyacrylamides for enhanced oil recovery

RSC Advances ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (21) ◽  
pp. 11968-11977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zheyu Liu ◽  
Shruti Mendiratta ◽  
Xin Chen ◽  
Jian Zhang ◽  
Yiqiang Li
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Aging Time ◽  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
High Viscosity ◽  
Oil Emulsion ◽  
Inverse Emulsion ◽  
Water In Oil Emulsion

A high-molecular-weight polyacrylamide-based polymer encapsulated in water-in-oil emulsion is proposed for enhanced oil recovery. Its high viscosity, viscoelasticity and plugging capacity with aging time are beneficial for oil mobilization.

Estimation of Optimal Salinity and Solubilization Parameters for Alkylorthoxylene Sulfonate Mixtures

1977 ◽  
Vol 17 (03) ◽  
pp. 193-200 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.C. Puerto ◽  
W.W. Gale
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Carbon Number ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Optimal Salinity ◽  
Interfacial Tensions ◽  
Molecular Weight Distributions ◽  
Weight Distributions

Abstract Economic constraints are such that it is unlikely a pure surfactant will be used for major enhanced oil recovery projects. However, it is possible to manufacture at competitive prices classes of syntheic and natural petroleum sulfonates that have fairly narrow molecular-weight distributions. Under some reservoir conditions, one of these narrow-distribution sulfonates may serve quite well as the basic component of a surfactant flood, however, in many instances a mixture of two or more of these may be required. Since evaluation of a significant subset of "all possible combinations" is a formidable undertaking screening techniques must be established that can reduce the number of laboratory core floods required. It is well known that interfacial tension plays a dominant role in surfactant flooding. It has recently been shown that minimal interfacial tensions occur at optimal salinity, Cphi, where the solubilization parameters VO/Vs and Vw/Vs are equal. Additionally, it has been shown that interracial tensions are inversely proportional to the magnitude of the solubilization parameters. This paper demonstrates that optimal salinity and solubilization parameters for any mixture of orthoxylene sulfonates can be estimated by summation of mole-fraction-weighted component properties. Those properties, which could not be properties. Those properties, which could not be measured directly, were obtained by least-squares regression on mixture data. Moreover, for surfactants of known carbon number distributions, equations that are linear in mole fractions of components and logarithmic in alkyl carbon number were found to be excellent estimators of both Cphi and solubilization parameters evaluated at Cphi. parameters evaluated at Cphi. Optimal salinity and associated solubilization parameters were measured using constant weight parameters were measured using constant weight fractions of alcohol cosolvents and mixtures of seven products with narrow molecular weight distributions. The average alkyl carbon number of these products varied from about 8 to 19. Alkyl chain lengths of individual surfactant chemical species ranged from 6 to 24 carbon atoms. Introduction Optimal salinity and the amounts of oil and water contained in a microemulsion have been shown to play important roles in obtaining low interfacial tensions and high oil recoveries. Since economics of enhanced oil recovery projects demand use of inexpensive surfactants, broad-distribution products likely will be chosen. Knowledge of how to estimate optimal salinity and oil-water contents of microemulsions prepared from such products would reduce time involved in laboratory screening procedures. This paper presents a method for procedures. This paper presents a method for obtaining such estimates that should prove useful for all types of surfactant mixtures that involve homologous series. The basic concept used is that a given property of a mixture of components (Yi) is related to the sum of products of mole fraction of components in the mixture (Xij) and the "mixing value" of the property in question for that component (Y'j). In property in question for that component (Y'j). In other words, (1) This approach is similar, for example, to the pseudocritical method used by Kay to calculate pseudocritical method used by Kay to calculate gas deviation factors at high pressures. The properties of interest in this paper are optimal properties of interest in this paper are optimal salinity and solubilization parameters, Vo/Vs, and Vw/Vs, at optimal salinity. Two separate approaches were developed that depended on the degree of detail of the available surfactant-composition data. In the first approach, only average molecular weights of several surfactant products were assumed known. Optimal salinity and products were assumed known. Optimal salinity and solubilization parameters could be measured for some, but not all, of the products. Regression on mixture data was used to estimate these quantities for the remainder of the products. Those properties, either measured experimentally or estimated from mixture data, are referred to as surfactant product contributions since they can be used as mixing values of the property in question in Eq. 1 or Eq. 2. SPEJ P. 193

scholarly journals Effects of fixation and postfixation treatments on volume of injured cells;.

1975 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Penttila ◽  
E M McDowell ◽  
B F Trump
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Tumor Cells ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Osmium Tetroxide ◽  
Ehrlich Ascites Tumor ◽  
Ehrlich Ascites Tumor Cells ◽  
Ascites Tumor ◽  
Ehrlich Ascites

The effects of fixation with glutaraldehyde (GA), formaldehyde (FA), glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde (GA-FA), flutaraldehyde-osmium tetroxide (GA-Os04) and osmium tetroxide (OsO4) on cel volume were studied in control, p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid (PCMBS)-treated and hypotonically-treated Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. Among the variables investigated were concentration of the tixative agent, osmolity of the buffer, total osmolaity of the fixation solution, osmolaltity of the postfixation buffer and the time of fixation and postfixation treatment; in addition, the effects of adding calcium and high molecular weight compounds to the fixative solution were studied. When the effects of standard fixatives on control, PCMBS- and hypotonically-treated cells were compared, marked differences were apparent in the behavior of control and injured cells. Control cells retained near prefixation volume in 3% GA and 3% GA-1% OsO4, swelled in 4% FA or 1% OsO4 and phosphate buffer (tkrp), whereas tpcmbs (310 mosM KRP)- and hypotonically-treated cells (103 mos M KRP) shrank in all aldehyde fixatives but swelled in 1% OsO4. Reducing the buffer osmolality had similar effects on control and injured cells although, there were variations in degree...

scholarly journals Experimental evaluation of the mechanical degradation of HPAM polymeric solutions used in Enhanced Oil Recovery

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-141
Author(s):  
Gustavo Maya Toro ◽  
Julia Jineth Herrera Quintero ◽  
Ruben Hernan Castro Garcia ◽  
Henderson Ivan Quintero Pérez ◽  
Dalje Sunith Barbosa Trillos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Enhanced Oil Recovery ◽  
Oil Recovery ◽  
Polymer Solutions ◽  
Fractional Factorial ◽  
Pressure Differential ◽  
Influential Factor ◽  
Mechanical Degradation ◽  
Capillary Diameter ◽  
Degradation Rates

With the design of experiments (DoE), this study analyses the influence of physical (capillary diameter and pressure drop) and chemical variables (salinity, polymer concentration, and molecular weight) on the mechanical degradation of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide-type polymer solutions (HPAM) used in enhanced oil recovery processes. Initially, with the help of a fractional factorial design (2k-p), the variables with the most significant influence on the polymer's mechanical degradation were found. The experimental results of the screening demonstrate that the factors that statistically influence the mechanical degradation are the molecular weight, the diameter of the capillary, and the pressure differential. Subsequently, a regression model was developed to estimate the degradation percentages of HPAM polymer solutions as a function of the significant factors influencing the mechanical degradation of polymer solutions. This model had a 97.85% fit for the predicted values under the experimental conditions. Likewise, through the optimization developed by the Box Behnken response surface methodology, it was determined that the pressure differential was the most influential factor. This variable was followed by the capillary diameter, where less than 50% degradation rates are obtained with low polymer molecular weight (6.5 MDa), pressure differentials less than 500 psi, and diameters of the capillary greater than 0.125 inches.

New Sulfonated Polyethers and Polynaphthylimides based on TNT Derivatives

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 508-521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander L. Rusanov ◽  
Ludmila G. Komarova ◽  
Elena G. Bulycheva ◽  
Margarita G. Bugaenko ◽  
Nataliya M. Belomoina
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Sulfonic Acid ◽  
Ether Group ◽  
Naphthalic Anhydride ◽  
Molecular Weights ◽  
Film Forming ◽  
Sulfonated Polymers ◽  
Bridging Groups ◽  
Sulfonic Acid Groups

New sulfonated and non-sulfonated monomers — dinitro and diamino compounds — were prepared on the basis of 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB) which is the demethylation product of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT). The sulfonated dinitrocompounds interacted with different binuclear bis-phenols under the conditions of aromatic nucleophilic nitrodisplacement reactions. Polyethers of moderate molecular weights were prepared on the basis of dinitrocompound containing electron-withdrawing 3,5-dinitrodiphenyl sulfone-4′-sulfonic acid “bridging” groups. Copolymers and blends with other sulfonated polymers were prepared to improve the film-forming properties of the polyethers developed on the basis of 3,5-dinitrodiphenyl sulfone-4′-sulfonic acid. High molecular weight sulfonated polynaphthylimides were prepared by the interaction of sulfonated diamine containing electron-donating ether group — 3,5-diaminodiphenyl ether-4′-sulfonic acid — with bis(naphthalic anhydride)s. The sulfonated polyethers and polynaphthylimides thus obtained contain sulfonic acid groups in the side chains.

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