Combination effect of organics-modified montmorillonite with intumescent flame retardants on thermal stability and fire behavior of polyethylene nanocomposites

2011 ◽  
Vol 121 (3) ◽  
pp. 1285-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guobo Huang ◽  
Bingchun Zhu ◽  
Haibo Shi
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Combination Effect ◽  
Modified Montmorillonite ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

scholarly journals Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant Masterbatch Prepared Through Different Processes and Its Application in EPDM/PP Thermoplastic Elastomer: Thermal Stability, Flame Retardancy, and Mechanical Properties

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weidi He ◽  
Ying Zhou ◽  
Xiaolang Chen ◽  
Jianbing Guo ◽  
Dengfeng Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomer ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

In this work, the ethylene-propylene-diene monomer/polypropylene (EPDM/PP) thermoplastic elastomer filled with intumescent flame retardants (IFR) is fabricated by melting blend. The IFR are constituted with melamine phosphate-pentaerythritol (MP/PER) by compounding and reactive extruding, respectively. The effects of two kinds of MP/PER with different contents on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties of materials are investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, cone calorimeter test (CCT), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). FTIR results show that the reactive extruded MP/PER partly generates melamine pyrophosphate (MPP) compared with compound masterbatches. TGA data indicate that the best thermal stability is achieved when the molar ratio of MP/PER reaches 1.8. All the reactive samples show a higher flame retardancy than compound ones. The CCT results also exhibit the same trend as above in heat release and smoke production rate. The EPDM/PP composites filled with 30 and 35% reactive MP/PER exhibit the improved flame retardancy but become stiffer and more brittle. SEM photos display that better dispersion and smaller particle size are obtained for reactive samples.

scholarly journals Valorization of Industrial Lignin as Biobased Carbon Source in Fire Retardant System for Polyamide 11 Blends

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj Mandlekar ◽  
Aurélie Cayla ◽  
François Rault ◽  
Stéphane Giraud ◽  
Fabien Salaün ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Ternary Blends ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polyamide 11 ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Flame Retarded

In this study, two different types of industrial lignin (i.e., lignosulphonate lignin (LL) and kraft lignin (DL)) were exploited as charring agents with phosphorus-based flame retardants for polyamide 11 (PA11). The effect of lignins on the thermal stability and fire behavior of PA11 combined with phosphinate additives (namely, aluminum phosphinate (AlP) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP)) has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UL 94 vertical flame spread, and cone calorimetry tests. Various blends of flame retarded PA11 were prepared by melt process using a twin-screw extruder. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that the LL containing ternary blends are able to provide higher thermal stability, as well as a developed char residue. The decomposition of the phosphinates led to the formation of phosphate compounds in the condensed phase, which promotes the formation of a stable char. Flammability tests showed that LL/ZnP ternary blends were able to achieve self-extinction and V-1 classification; the other formulations showed a strong melt dripping and higher burning. In addition to this, cone calorimetry results showed that the most enhanced behavior was found when 10 wt % of LL and AlP were combined, which strongly reduced PHRR (−74%) and THR (−22%), due to the interaction between LL and AlP, which not only promotes char formation but also confers the stability to char in the condensed phase.

scholarly journals Intumescent Flame Retardant Mechanism of Lignosulfonate as a Char Forming Agent in Rigid Polyurethane Foam

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1585
Author(s):  
Weimiao Lu ◽  
Jiewang Ye ◽  
Lianghai Zhu ◽  
Zhenfu Jin ◽  
Yuji Matsumoto
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Hydroxyl Groups ◽  
Condensed Phases ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Flame Retardancy Mechanism

Intumescent flame retardants (IFR) have been widely used to improve flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foams and the most commonly used char forming agent is pentaerythritol (PER). Lignosulfonate (LS) is a natural macromolecule with substantial aromatic structures and abundant hydroxyl groups, and carbon content higher than PER. The flame retardancy and its mechanism of LS as char forming agent instead of PER in IFR formulation were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index testing and cone calorimeter test. The results showed LS as a char forming agent did not increase the density of RPU/LS foams. LOI value and char residue of RPU/LS foam were higher than RPU/PER and the mass loss of RPU/LS foam decreased 18%, suggesting enhanced thermal stability. CCT results showed LS as a char forming agent in IFR formulation effectively enhanced the flame retardancy of RPU foams with respect to PER. The flame retardancy mechanism showed RPU/LS foam presented a continuous and relatively compact char layer, acting as the effect of the flame retardant and heat insulation between gaseous and condensed phases. The efficiency of different LS ratio in IFR formulation as char forming agent was different, and the best flame retardancy and thermal stability was obtained at RPU/LS1.

scholarly journals Thermal Degradation Characteristic and Flame Retardancy of Polylactide-Based Nanobiocomposites

Molecules ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 2648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuruma Malkappa ◽  
Jayita Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Suprakas Ray
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Degradable Polymers ◽  
Melt Blending ◽  
Degradation Characteristic ◽  
Sustainable Materials ◽  
Fire Properties ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

Polylactide (PLA) is one of the most widely used organic bio-degradable polymers. However, it has poor flame retardancy characteristics. To address this disadvantage, we performed melt-blending of PLA with intumescent flame retardants (IFRs; melamine phosphate and pentaerythritol) in the presence of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT), which resulted in nanobiocomposites with excellent intumescent char formation and improved flame retardant characteristics. Triphenyl benzyl phosphonium (OMMT-1)- and tributyl hexadecyl phosphonium (OMMT-2)-modified MMTs were used in this study. Thermogravimetric analysis in combination with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy showed that these nanocomposites release a smaller amount of toxic gases during thermal degradation than unmodified PLA. Melt-rheological behaviors supported the conclusions drawn from the cone calorimeter data and char structure of the various nanobiocomposites. Moreover, the characteristic of the surfactant used for the modification of MMT played a crucial role in controlling the fire properties of the composites. For example, the nanocomposite containing 5 wt.% OMMT-1 showed significantly improved fire properties with a 47% and 68% decrease in peak heat and total heat release rates, respectively, as compared with those of unmodified PLA. In summary, melt-blending of PLA, IFR, and OMMT has potential in the development of high-performance PLA-based sustainable materials.

Effects of heterionic montmorillonites on flame resistances of polystyrene nanocomposites and the flame retardant mechanism

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1295-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijiao Xue ◽  
Mingxia Shen ◽  
Fengling Lu ◽  
Yongqin Han ◽  
Shaohua Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Better Than

To improve the flame resistance of polystyrene, three kinds of organophilic heterionic montmorillonites (Na-montmorillonite, Ca-montmorillonite, and Fe-montmorillonite) reinforced polystyrene nanocomposites were prepared by melt dispersion method. The structure and composition of the organo montmorillonites were characterized by using X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared analysis. The adhesion between organo montmorillonites and polystyrene was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The flame resistance and thermal stability of the polystyrene/organo montmorillonites were evaluated by cone calorimeter test and thermogravimetric analysis. The interlayer space of organo montmorillonites increased with the increase of the oxidation state of the cations. With the addition of organo montmorillonites, the peak values of all the flame resistance indexes of the polystyrene/organo montmorillonites nanocomposites decreased, among which the PHRR values have decreased the most, compared with those of polystyrene. Their corresponding test times have all been delayed following almost precisely the same trend. Therefore, their flame retardant ability come from their lamellated structures, their charring forming abilities, and the reducing power of Fe3+ in polystyrene/Fe-montmorillonite. Organo montmorillonites mainly act as a kind of intumescent flame retardants. The flame resistance of polystyrene/Na-montmorillonite nanocomposite was the best, and the polystyrene/Ca-montmorillonite came second, which is slightly better than that of polystyrene/Fe-montmorillonite.

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