Pyrolysis and combustion of cellulose. II. Thermal analysis of mixtures of methyl α-D-glucopyranoside and levoglucosan with model phosphate flame retardants

1972 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Hendrix ◽  
George L. Drake ◽  
Robert H. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Cellulose Ii

Thermal Analysis of Some Organo Bromides as Potential Flame Retardants for Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate

1983 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 255-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Day ◽  
D.M. Wiles
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Gas Phase ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Poly Ethylene Terephthalate ◽  
Bromide Ions ◽  
Infrared Heater ◽  
Poly Ethylene

A technique capable of simultaneously monitoring bromide ions and an asso ciated weight loss of organic bromides when heated with an infrared heater chosen to reflect conditions similar to those encountered in the burning pro cess is described. The technique has been applied to a range of aliphatic and aromatic bromine compounds in order to evaluate their potential as candidate gas-phase combustion inhibitors for poly/ethylene terephthalate).

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF OIL PALM FIBRE COMPOSITE FOR BUILDING APPLICATIONS BY CONE CALORIMETER AND THERMAL ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
T. O. Suoware ◽  
S. O. Edelugo ◽  
C. O. Amgbari ◽  
F. L. Sorgbara
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fibre Composite ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Loading Ratio

The high yielding of oil pam fibre reinforced composite (OPFC) to fire has necessitated research to improve and develop fire retardants (FR) to mitigate the spread of fire. Researchers relied on Flame Retardants (FR) classified as either halogenated or non-halogenated based FR to improve the performance of composites with emphasis on flammability properties (FP). The main object of this paper is to evaluate the effect of six non-halogenated FR species in OPFC to meet required fire safety standards for building purposes. The six FR species comprising aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), Gum Arabic powder (GAP) and carbon black (CB) were processed with OPFC at 0, 15 and 18% loading ratio using hand lay-up compression moulding technique. Specimens cut from the OPFC panels were tested for flammability and thermal properties using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC Metlar Toledo) and cone calorimeter apparatus respectively. The result obtained for thermal analysis shows that the panel was thermally stable at 391.6OC before degradation began compared to those without FR while peak flammability properties obtained for heat released rates, mass loss rates and smoke production rates showed the OPFC panels rapid fire response were significantly reduced respectively by 67.4%, 50.9% and 37.5% compared to those without FR. It can be concluded that the hybrid FR comprising APP-GAP showed a stable char structure during fire and thus prevented the escape of combustible volatiles which reduced the peak FP values of the OPFC panels. These flammability properties could be said to meet required fire safety standards for building applications.

scholarly journals Thermal Analysis of Healthy and Ecological Friendly Flame Retardants for Textiles

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albert M Manich ◽  
Sonia Perez-Rentero ◽  
Cristina Alonso ◽  
Luisa Coderch ◽  
Meritxell Martí
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Health Impact ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Toxic Compounds ◽  
Loss Of Mass ◽  
Combustion Calorimeter ◽  
Guanidine Phosphate

Flame Retardants (FR) are a group of anthropogenic environmental contaminants used at a relatively high concentration in many applications. Currently, the largest marked group of FRs is halogenated FR, and many of them are considered toxic, persistent and bio accumulative. Non-halogenated alternatives are a possible solution for the problem, but there is a lack of knowledge concerning environmental impact, health risks during the production process and final use. The main objective of the LIFE-FLAREX project that supports this work, is the mitigation of the environmental and human health impact of flame retardants used in textiles, looking for new efficient more ecological and healthy alternatives, able to replace the most common FR’s that include toxic compounds like halogens, formaldehyde and antimony.  The aim of this work   is to determine the effect of conventional and ecological flame retardants on cotton and polyester fabrics by the application of differential scanning calorimetry DSC and thermogravimetric analysis TGA. Results have been compared with those given by the best FR applied to cotton/polyester blended fabric. The application of DSC up to 550°Cand TGA up to 600°C in N2 and O2 atmospheres give results that are in accordance with those yielded by the micro-scale combustion calorimeter. Onset temperatures  of decomposition, steps of loss of mass by temperature and final residues, enable to evaluate the thermal efficiency of the different flame retardants. Results have been compared with those given by the application of ammonium polyphosphate and guanidine phosphate on cotton/polyester 50/50 blend. Keywords: Thermal Analysis, Flame retardant, Cotton, Polyester

Thermal Properties Study of Magnesium Salt Flame Retardants Prepared by Different Alkali Sources

2014 ◽  
Vol 556-562 ◽  
pp. 326-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Hua Xie ◽  
Wen Jie Xu
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Differential Thermal Analysis ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Thermal Property ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Chemical Precipitation ◽  
Magnesium Salt ◽  
Precipitation Method

Magnesium salt flame retardant is an additive flame retardant with environmental protection performance, which has been successfully applied in various industries because of its many advantages. In this paper, the chemical precipitation method is used to prepare magnesium salt flame retardants with different alkali sources (sodium hydroxide and ammonia) and reaction temperatures. And then, study on the thermal properties of all samples is systematically carried out on the basis of differential thermal analysis. These investigations could build up a link between the thermal property and growth behaviors of magnesium salt, which may offer us theoretical help.

Study on Thermogravimetric and Differential Thermal Characteristics of Aluminum Salt Flame Retardants

2014 ◽  
Vol 556-562 ◽  
pp. 322-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Hua Xie ◽  
Zhi Liang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Chemical Method ◽  
Inorganic Salt ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Ammonia Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Aluminum Salt ◽  
Reaction Conditions

Aluminum salt flame retardants have been synthesized by the chemical method under different reaction conditions. And then, the influence of the reaction temperature, ammonia concentration, aluminum ion concentration and addition on the thermal decomposition characteristics of aluminum salt flame retardants is analyzed and discussed on the basis of the experimental results obtained by using thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. Seeding experiments with the current work may have significant potential towards the exploration and development of inorganic salt flame retardants with good thermal decomposition performance.

scholarly journals INVESTIGATION OF INTUMESCENT FLAME RETARDANTS USED AT OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY FACILITIES BY THERMAL ANALYSIS AND MASS SPECTROMETRY

2021 ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Ekaterina V. Golovina ◽  
Oksana V. Bezzaponnaya ◽  
Natalia V. Khabibullina ◽  
Timur Kh. Mansurov ◽  
Galina I. Bolodian
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants

Study on Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of Magnesium Salt Flame Retardants

2014 ◽  
Vol 915-916 ◽  
pp. 1058-1061 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Zhang ◽  
Dan Li ◽  
Hua Xie ◽  
Rui Feng Ma
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Differential Thermal Analysis ◽  
Thermogravimetric Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Magnesium Salt ◽  
Combustible Gas ◽  
Optimization Parameters

Magnesium salt flame retardant is a new filler flame retardant agent, and can release the water and absorb the latent heat during the thermal decomposition, which can effectively inhibit the polymers decomposition and cool the combustible gas generated in the case of fire. In this paper, the magnesium salt flame retardant is synthesized in different conditions. Then the thermal decomposition features of the magnesium salt flame retardants with the smallest particle diameters are characterized by using thermogravimetric analysis and differential thermal analysis. Finally, on the basis of this analysis, optimization parameters for preparing the magnesium salt flame retardant with good thermal decomposition performance are obtained, which may be helpful for guiding the preparation of high-performance magnesium salt flame retardants and providing a beneficial reference.

scholarly journals The kinetics of intumescent flame retardant foaming

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (5) ◽  
pp. 71-81
Author(s):  
I. V. Arkhangelsky ◽  
I. A. Godunov ◽  
N. V. Yashin ◽  
Yu. K. Naganovskii ◽  
O. N. Shornikova
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Kinetic Studies ◽  
Isothermal Kinetics ◽  
Heating Rates ◽  
Intercalated Graphite ◽  
Foaming Process ◽  
Limiting Stage ◽  
Classical Triad ◽  
Kinetics Of

Introduction. Intumescent flame retardants are intensively used as passive fire protection means. Under fire conditions, these coatings foam and turn into coke, which turns into ash. These products have various fire resistant properties. These transformations are possible due to the foaming process, whose kinetics determines the fire protective characteristics of the compositions used. The paper considers the kinetics of the foaming process in the course of the pyrolysis of four different foaming compositions. The classical triad was used as a thermally expanding agent for the three of them, it includes ammonium polyphosphate, pentaerythritol, and melamine, and the fourth one has intercalated graphite.Research methods. Thermal analysis is widely used to identify and study various materials, substances and fire retardants. However, we have not found any kinetic studies performed using methods of thermal analysis in the literature. In this work, methods of non-isothermal kinetics are used to identify the mechanism of foaming. For this purpose, four series of thermogravimetric tests were carried out at different heating rates for each composition under study. The results of the experiment made it possible to solve inverse and direct kinetic problems and identify mechanisms of the processes.Results and discussion. Methods of non-isothermal kinetics were employed to show that low-temperature stages of thermolysis can be considered as gross-one-stage processes for all samples. The solution of the direct kinetic problem has helped to identify that the limiting foaming stage is described by the Avrami – Erofeev equation for all compositions under study, while the values of kinetic parameters differ significantly. Consequently, foaming proceeds are similar for samples having different compositions. The foaming of the sample containing intercalated graphite depends on heating conditions.Conclusions. It was identified that the studied compositions transform into the viscous-fluid state at high temperatures. In this case, the limiting stage of the foaming process is the nucleation of primary bubbles in the volume of the liquid phase. This process determines the kinetics of foaming, coke properties and its thermophysical characteristics.

scholarly journals Research of Effectiveness of „Plamostop“ Fire Retardand and Suitability of Testing Methods for Wood Flame Retardants Evaluating

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-13
Author(s):  
Patrik Mitrenga ◽  
Miroslava Vandlíčková ◽  
Martina Hudáková ◽  
Milada Sihelská
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Fire Retardants ◽  
Testing Methods ◽  
Other Information

Abstract The paper deals with testing of a water-miscible intumescent fire retardant. Experiments are conducted by thermal analysis (TG/DTG, DSC), cone calorimeter and non-standardized methods for monitoring weight loss when exposed to flame burning. Based on the experiment results and other information the most appropriate methods for testing fire retardants are reviewed. All methods by which experiments have been carried out are described. Our own method for testing fire retardants was created. It is also evaluated the effectiveness of a representative fire retardant of wood by all mentioned methods. The result of the experiment is to evaluate the suitability of each method for testing of fire retardants and evaluation fire retardant “Plamostop”.

Thermal Stability of Cotton Cellulose Modified with Flame Retardants

2010 ◽  
Vol 152-153 ◽  
pp. 504-507
Author(s):  
Gui Fen Li
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Oxygen Index ◽  
Cotton Cellulose ◽  
Char Yield ◽  
Untreated Sample ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

The thermal stability of cotton cellulose treated with chemical mixtures containing P and N was studied by thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, char yield and limiting-oxygen-index (LOI). Our experiments demonstrated that the temperature and activation energy of pyrolysis were lower and the values of Char yield and LOI were greater for cotton cellulose treated with flame retardant than those for untreated sample.

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