Adsorbate Alignment in Surface Halogenation: Standing Up is Better than Lying Down

2012 ◽  
Vol 124 (36) ◽  
pp. 9195-9199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Huang ◽  
Iain R. McNab ◽  
John C. Polanyi ◽  
Jody S. Y. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Standing Up ◽  
Lying Down ◽  
Better Than

Adsorbate Alignment in Surface Halogenation: Standing Up is Better than Lying Down

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (36) ◽  
pp. 9061-9065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai Huang ◽  
Iain R. McNab ◽  
John C. Polanyi ◽  
Jody S. Y. Yang
Keyword(s):  
Standing Up ◽  
Lying Down ◽  
Better Than

scholarly journals The Effect of the Season on the Behavior and Milk Yield of the Czech Fleckvieh Cows

2016 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1125-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomáš Černý ◽  
Milan Večeřa ◽  
Daniel Falta ◽  
Gustav Chládek
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Seasonal Influence ◽  
Seasonal Behavior ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
Humidity Index ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Lying Down

The aim of this study was to evaluate the seasonal behavior and milk yield of dairy cows of Czech Fleckvieh cattle. The subject of the monitoring was one section (housed in one quarter of barn) with 103 free cubicle beds with an average of 95 lactating dairy cows of Czech Fleckvieh cattle. In the seasons (spring, summer, autumn, winter) temperature (°C), relative humidity (%) and temperature-humidity index (THI) were monitored. Furthermore, behavioral signs were also observed (a total of 4,940 observations): dairy cows were either lying down (3,432 observations) or standing up (1,508 observations). In the conditions that dairy cows were standing up in the cubicle, up to 585 observations were proved. If dairy cows were standing up outside of the cubicle (923 observations), they were either lying on the left side (1,924 observations) or right side (1,508). Significant seasonal influence was found out (p < 0.05) on the number of dairy cows standing up (a maximum of 410 observations in the spring, a minimum of 342 observations in the summer) and then the number of cows lying both on the left (a maximum of 519 observations in the autumn and a minimum of 444 observations in the spring) and on the right side (a maximum of 415 observations in the winter, a minimum of 320 observations in the autumn). The seasonal influence was no significant (p > 0.05) in the remaining behavioral signs. With regard to milk yield, a significant seasonal influence was proved. The highest milk yield was reached with dairy cows in spring (29.27 kg of milk) and the lowest in the autumn (24.58 kg of milk). No significant differences of milk yield were detected between behavioral signs (p > 0.05). The maximum difference of milk yield was found out up to 1.39 kg between dairy cows lying down on the left side (28.35 kg) and the dairy cows standing up in a cubicle (26.96 kg) in the winter but even this difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Reorientation of π-conjugated molecules on few-layer MoS2 films

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 3097-3104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakub Hagara ◽  
Nada Mrkyvkova ◽  
Peter Nádaždy ◽  
Martin Hodas ◽  
Michal Bodík ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Conjugated Molecules ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
Vertically Aligned ◽  
Oriented Layers ◽  
Lying Down

We show that small π-conjugated molecules adopt a lying-down orientation when deposited on few-layer MoS2 with horizontally oriented layers. In contrast, for vertically aligned MoS2 layers, DIP molecules are arranged in a standing-up manner.

Factors affecting posture-changing in loose-housed and confined gestating sows

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 477-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Marchant ◽  
D. M. Broom
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Times ◽  
Lying Down

AbstractThe time taken to lie down and stand up was determined for dry sows from different housing systems and related to physical and genetic parameters. In experiment 1, the times taken to lie down by 32 sows in two dry-sow housing conditions were measured. Sows housed long-term in stalls took longer to lie down than group-housed sows (20·42 v. 9·28 s, P < 0·001). Group-housed sows took longer to lie down in the open than to lie down against a wall (11·07 v. 7·48 s, P = 0·004). The length of time taken for stall-housed sows to lie down had strongest association with body length (P = 0·033, R2 = 0·718). The length of time taken for group-housed sows to lie down in the open had strongest association with the proportional weight of the extensor carpi radialis, (P = 0·001, R2 = 0·915). In experiment 2, the times taken for 30 sows in stalls to lie down and stand up were measured and genotype differences investigated. There were no differences between genotypes in total times taken to stand up or lie down, but total times taken to stand up quickly and lie down had strongest association with body length (P = 0·032, R2 = 0·185, and P < 0·001, R2 = 0·574 respectively). The results indicate that sows housed long-term in gestation stalls experience difficulty of movement when standing up quickly and lying down. Although the chronic effects of lack of exercise and the acute effects offloor type may contribute to this difficulty, the major factor is likely to be space restriction as the times taken to lie down and stand up quickly both increase as body length, and hence dynamic space requirement, increases. Lying down in an unrestricted environment is under muscular control and the degree of control depends on the proportion of muscle weight to total body weight. The factors affecting lying down and standing up should be considered when designing dry-sow and farrowing accommodation.

Das chronische venöse Kompartmentsyndrom

VASA ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 127-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wolfgang Hach ◽  
Präve ◽  
Hach-Wunderle ◽  
Sterk ◽  
Martin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compartment Syndrome ◽  
Subcutaneous Tissue ◽  
Venous Stasis ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Pressure ◽  
Crural Fascia ◽  
Compression Syndrome ◽  
Venous Diseases ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
Lying Down

Background: A chronic exertional compartment syndrome has only been observed in athletes and soldiers. In the vast majority, the disease affects the anterior compartment and the fibular muscle group, and only rarely the lateral and dorsal muscle compartments. Muscle tissue necrosis does not occur. In the course of venous diseases with a severe chronic venous stasis syndrome, a chronic venous compartment syndrome develops that differs considerably from the familiar functional syndrome. The predominant symptom is an uncurable cuff ulceration on the lower leg. Patients and methods: From 1993 to 1996 a total of 16 patients with a chronic fascial compression syndrome underwent surgery on 18 extremities. The crural fascia was resected and a mesh graft was applied. Results: In the group of ten controls with healthy veins the average pressure in the deep compartment was 13, 6 mmHg (range 9–17 mmHg) lying down and 29, 9 mmHg (range 15–42 mmHg) standing up. ln 14 patients with chronic fascial compression syndrome, the average pressure was higher, measuring 21,1 mmHg (range 8–47 mmHg) lying down and 62,5 mmHg (range 33–87) standing up. After surgery, the pressure dropped to 15, 5 mmHg (range 5–24 mmHg) lying down and 34, 5 mmHg (range 10–58 mmHg) standing up, but did not fall as low as the average values recorded in the control group or in the patient’s healthy leg. The results from the standing up position were statistically significant (p=0, 003). Computed tomography showed major changes in the muscles indicating muscle atrophy and fatty degeneration. The crural fascia seemed to be incorporated in the scars of the subcutaneous tissue in large areas. After crural fasciectomy and healing of the ulceration, the tissue structure of the muscles recovered. Conclusions: In chronic fascial compression syndrome, the trellis arrangement of the collagen fibres becomes disordered. This results in a loss of flexibility during muscle contraction. Every step causes an increase of intracompartmental pressure and microstructural injury. The consequence is resection of the crural fascia.

scholarly journals Assessing cubicle dimensions for finishing bulls based on animal behaviour and cleanliness

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-430 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Gygax ◽  
H. Schulze Westerath ◽  
J. Kuhlicke ◽  
B. Wechsler ◽  
C. Mayer
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Animal Behaviour ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Space Requirements ◽  
Inverse Pattern ◽  
Lying Down

AbstractFinishing bulls need increasingly large cubicles throughout their growth, and optimal cubicle dimensions may differ from those used for dairy cows. The space requirements of finishing bulls was investigated by observing standing-up and lying-down behaviour, lying duration and number of lying bouts, as well as the cleanliness of cubicles and animals before and after increasing cubicle size at four different points in time. Lying area in the cubicles measured 120 × 70 cm at the start and 185 × 110 cm at the end of the finishing period (approx. at 160 and 550 kg, respectively). Twenty animals kept in four groups were observed at weights of approximately 220, 330, 380 and 500 kg before and after cubicle dimensions were increased. The proportion of standing-up events with more than one head lunge decreased with enlargement of the cubicles (P = 0·01). As cubicle size increased, bulls hit the partition rails less on standing up, except at 220 kg weight where the pattern was inverted (interaction: P = 0·001). Partitions were also hit less on lying down as cubicle size increased, except at 220 kg weight with an inverse pattern (interaction: P = 0·01). The number of exploratory head sweeps before lying down did not change with cubicle enlargement (P > 0·5). Bulls slipped more often with cubicle enlargement, except at 380 kg where the difference was inverted (interaction: P = 0·03). They never fell and never turned around in the cubicles. In general, both animals and cubicles were very clean. On average, lying duration decreased (P < 0·01) while the number of lying bouts tended to increase (P = 0·052) with enlargement of the cubicles but the absolute differences were small. Consequently at each point in time, the smaller cubicles still seemed to provide sufficient lying space for the bulls. If the impacts with the partitions were minor and did not represent a serious welfare concern, as suggested by qualitative observations, the cubicle dimensions used could be considered suitable for housing the type of finishing bulls used in this study.

scholarly journals Training and Validating a Machine Learning Model for the Sensor-Based Monitoring of Lying Behavior in Dairy Cows on Pasture and in the Barn

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 2660
Author(s):  
Lara Schmeling ◽  
Golnaz Elmamooz ◽  
Phan Thai Hoang ◽  
Anastasiia Kozar ◽  
Daniela Nicklas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Ground Truth ◽  
Monitoring Systems ◽  
Ground Truth Data ◽  
Machine Learning Model ◽  
Video Observations ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Lying Down

Monitoring systems assist farmers in monitoring the health of dairy cows by predicting behavioral patterns (e.g., lying) and their changes with machine learning models. However, the available systems were developed either for indoors or for pasture and fail to predict the behavior in other locations. Therefore, the goal of our study was to train and evaluate a model for the prediction of lying on a pasture and in the barn. On three farms, 7–11 dairy cows each were equipped with the prototype of the monitoring system containing an accelerometer, a magnetometer and a gyroscope. Video observations on the pasture and in the barn provided ground truth data. We used 34.5 h of datasets from pasture for training and 480.5 h from both locations for evaluating. In comparison, random forest, an orientation-independent feature set with 5 s windows without overlap, achieved the highest accuracy. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were 95.6%, 80.5% and 87.4%, respectively. Accuracy on the pasture (93.2%) exceeded accuracy in the barn (81.4%). Ruminating while standing was the most confused with lying. Out of individual lying bouts, 95.6 and 93.4% were identified on the pasture and in the barn, respectively. Adding a model for standing up events and lying down events could improve the prediction of lying in the barn.

Lights, shadow, action!

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 136-138
Author(s):  
Mi Yeon Lee ◽  
Terri L. Kurz
Keyword(s):  
Third Grade ◽  
Grade Student ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
Lying Down

“More weight, longer shadow,” a student predicts before we begin measuring the lengths of our objects' shadows. Another third-grade student conjectures, “Standing-up objects make the shadow longer, and lying-down objects make the shadow shorter.”

Time Course Response of the Heart and Circulatory System to Active Postural Changes

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jo P. Pauls ◽  
Llion A. Roberts ◽  
Tom Burgess ◽  
John F. Fraser ◽  
Shaun D. Gregory ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Response Times ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Physiological Control ◽  
Heart Failure Patients ◽  
Pump Flow ◽  
Postural Changes ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
Lying Down

Rotary blood pumps (RBPs) used for mechanical circulatory support of heart failure patients cannot passively change pump flow sufficiently in response to frequent variations in preload induced by active postural changes. A physiological control system that mimics the response of the healthy heart is needed to adjust pump flow according to patient demand. Thus, baseline data are required on how the healthy heart and circulatory system (i.e., heart rate (HR) and cardiac output (CO)) respond. This study investigated the response times of the healthy heart during active postural changes (supine-standing-supine) in 50 healthy subjects (27 male/23 female). Early response times (te) and settling times (ts) were calculated for HR and CO from data continuously collected with impedance cardiography. The initial circulatory response of HR and CO resulted in te of 9.0–11.7 s when standing up and te of 4.7–5.7 s when lying back down. Heart rate and CO settled in ts of 50.0–53.6 s and 46.3–58.2 s when standing up and lying down, respectively. In conclusion, when compared to active stand up, HR and CO responded significant faster initially when subjects were lying down (p < 0.05); there were no significant differences in response times between male and female subjects. These data will be used during evaluation of physiological control systems for RBPs, which may improve patient outcomes for end-stage heart failure patients.

Lying behaviour of dry sows in relation to housing conditions

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 186-186
Author(s):  
J.N. Marchant ◽  
D.M. Broom
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Body Dimensions ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Standing Up ◽  
Welfare Implications ◽  
Piglet Mortality ◽  
Poor Welfare ◽  
Lying Down

Most sows in the European pig industry are kept in confinement, and are restricted in the amount of locomotory exercise they can perform. Any difficulty in carrying out the movements necessary for standing up and lying down, due to a lack of muscular and cardiovascular fitness, can indicate poor welfare for the sow. Also, because a large proportion of piglet mortality is attributable to over-lying by the sow when she lies down or stands up clumsily, there are welfare implications for her litter. The objectives of these studies were to investigate the time taken for sows to lie down in different dry sow housing systems, and to determine any relationships between the time taken and body dimensions of the sow.

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