scholarly journals Max von Laue and the discovery of X-ray diffraction in 1912

2012 ◽  
Vol 524 (5) ◽  
pp. A83-A85 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Eckert
Keyword(s):  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Max Von Laue

The Evolution of X-Ray Instrumentation at Rich. Seifert & Co.

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 47-56
Author(s):  
A. Haase
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War I ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
German Language ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
World War ◽  
Executive Management ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Max Von Laue

To facilitate orientation in time, some selected events will be briefly presented. Approximately five hundred years ago, Columbus discovered America. One hundred years ago, on November 8th, 1895, Wilhelm Conrad R6ntgen discovered the X-rays which in the German language are called after him. In 1912 Max von Laue conducted the first X-ray diffraction experiment. In 1892 Richard Seifert Sr. founded the Electrotechnical Plant in Hamburg. After World War I (1914-1918) the company founder gradually handed the firm over to his son Richard Seifert Jr. After his son had completed studies in physics and electrical engineering he conducted pioneering experiments on the application of X-rays in science and technology. From the very beginning, X-ray equipment was produced in the three fields of medicine, science and technology. It was only ten years after World War II (1939-1945) that the line of medical equipment was discontinued and the daughter [1] as a member of the third generation gradually took over executive management tasks.

Frontier methods in coherent X-ray diffraction for high-resolution structure determination

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcus Gallagher-Jones ◽  
Jose A. Rodriguez ◽  
Jianwei Miao
Keyword(s):  
Structure Determination ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Diffractive Imaging ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Coherent Diffractive Imaging ◽  
X Ray Crystallography ◽  
Max Von Laue ◽  
Complex Protein ◽  
High Resolution Structure

AbstractIn 1912, Max von Laue and collaborators first observed diffraction spots from a millimeter-sized crystal of copper sulfate using an X-ray tube. Crystallography was born of this experiment, and since then, diffraction by both X-rays and electrons has revealed a myriad of inorganic and organic structures, including structures of complex protein assemblies. Advancements in X-ray sources have spurred a revolution in structure determination, facilitated by the development of new methods. This review explores some of the frontier methods that are shaping the future of X-ray diffraction, including coherent diffractive imaging, serial femtosecond X-ray crystallography and small-angle X-ray scattering. Collectively, these methods expand the current limits of structure determination in biological systems across multiple length and time scales.

Introduction

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jenny Pickworth Glusker ◽  
Kenneth N. Trueblood
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Ring Structure ◽  
Chloride Ions ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Max Von Laue

Much of our present knowledge of the architecture of molecules has been obtained from studies of the diffraction of X rays or neutrons by crystals. X rays are scattered by the electrons of atoms and ions, and the interference between the X rays scattered by the different atoms or ions. in a crystal can result in a diffraction pattern. Similarly, neutrons are scattered by the nuclei of atoms. Measurements on a crystal diffraction pattern can lead to information on the arrangement of atoms or ions within the crystal. This is the experimental technique to be described in this book. X-ray diffraction was first used to establish the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a crystal by William Lawrence Bragg in 1913 (Bragg, 1913), shortly after Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen had discovered X rays and Max von Laue had shown in 1912 that these X rays could be diffracted by crystals (Röntgen, 1895; Friedrich et al., 1912). Later, in 1927 and 1936 respectively, it was also shown that electrons and neutrons could be diffracted by crystals (Davisson and Germer, 1927; von Halban and Preiswerk, 1936; Mitchell and Powers, 1936). Bragg found from X-ray diffraction studies that, in crystals of sodium chloride, each sodium is surrounded by six equidistant chlorines and each chlorine by six equidistant sodiums. No discrete molecules of NaCl were found and therefore Bragg surmised that the crystal consisted of sodium ions and chloride ions rather than individual (noncharged) atoms (Bragg, 1913); this had been predicted earlier by William Barlow and William Jackson Pope (Barlow and Pope, 1907), but had not, prior to the research of the Braggs, been demonstrated experimentally. A decade and a half later, in 1928, Kathleen Lonsdale used X-ray diffraction methods to show that the benzene ring is a flat regular hexagon in which all carbon–carbon bonds are equal in length, rather than a ring structure that contains alternating single and double bonds (Lonsdale, 1928).Her experimental result, later confirmed by spectroscopic studies (Stoicheff, 1954), was of great significance in chemistry.

The Use of Advanced Analytical Techniques for Characterization of the Chemical, Physical, and Crystallographic Nature of a Surface

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 132-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Herfert
Keyword(s):  
Surface Characterization ◽  
Analytical Techniques ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Depth Of Penetration ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Scanning Electron

Studies of the nature of a surface, either metallic or nonmetallic, in the past, have been limited to the instrumentation available for these measurements. In the past, optical microscopy, replica transmission electron microscopy, electron or X-ray diffraction and optical or X-ray spectroscopy have provided the means of surface characterization. Actually, some of these techniques are not purely surface; the depth of penetration may be a few thousands of an inch. Within the last five years, instrumentation has been made available which now makes it practical for use to study the outer few 100A of layers and characterize it completely from a chemical, physical, and crystallographic standpoint. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) provides a means of viewing the surface of a material in situ to magnifications as high as 250,000X.

Ribosome Structural Organization

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 332-333
Author(s):  
James A. Lake
Keyword(s):  
Ribosomal Proteins ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Small Subunit ◽  
Structural Studies ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
X Ray ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Complete Sequences

The understanding of ribosome structure has advanced considerably in the last several years. Biochemists have characterized the constituent proteins and rRNA's of ribosomes. Complete sequences have been determined for some ribosomal proteins and specific antibodies have been prepared against all E. coli small subunit proteins. In addition, a number of naturally occuring systems of three dimensional ribosome crystals which are suitable for structural studies have been observed in eukaryotes. Although the crystals are, in general, too small for X-ray diffraction, their size is ideal for electron microscopy.

Electron Microscopy of Human Gallstones

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 296-297
Author(s):  
C. Wolpers ◽  
R. Blaschke
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Bile Pigment ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Triclinic Crystal System ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Follow Up Study ◽  
Infra Red ◽  
Main Components

Scanning microscopy was used to study the surface of human gallstones and the surface of fractures. The specimens were obtained by operation, washed with water, dried at room temperature and shadowcasted with carbon and aluminum. Most of the specimens belong to patients from a series of X-ray follow-up study, examined during the last twenty years. So it was possible to evaluate approximately the age of these gallstones and to get information on the intensity of growing and solving.Cholesterol, a group of bile pigment substances and different salts of calcium, are the main components of human gallstones. By X-ray diffraction technique, infra-red spectroscopy and by chemical analysis it was demonstrated that all three components can be found in any gallstone. In the presence of water cholesterol crystallizes in pane-like plates of the triclinic crystal system.

High Resolution Replication of Organoclay Surfaces

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
W. W. Barker ◽  
W. E. Rigsby ◽  
V. J. Hurst ◽  
W. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Organic Molecule ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Silicate Layers ◽  
Mineral Identification

Experimental clay mineral-organic molecule complexes long have been known and some of them have been extensively studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clay minerals, or intercalated between the silicate layers. Natural organo-clays also are widely recognized but generally have not been well characterized. Widely used techniques for clay mineral identification involve treatment of the sample with H2 O2 or other oxidant to destroy any associated organics. This generally simplifies and intensifies the XRD pattern of the clay residue, but helps little with the characterization of the original organoclay. Adequate techniques for the direct observation of synthetic and naturally occurring organoclays are yet to be developed.

Electron Microscopy of Shock Loaded Polycrystalline Beryllium

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 506-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Galbraith ◽  
L. E. Murr ◽  
A. L. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Wave Propagation ◽  
Structural Change ◽  
Single Crystal ◽  
Diffraction Pattern ◽  
Shock Loading ◽  
Slip Systems ◽  
Compression Tests ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray

Uniaxial compression tests and hydrostatic tests at pressures up to 27 kbars have been performed to determine operating slip systems in single crystal and polycrystal1ine beryllium. A recent study has been made of wave propagation in single crystal beryllium by shock loading to selectively activate various slip systems, and this has been followed by a study of wave propagation and spallation in textured, polycrystal1ine beryllium. An alteration in the X-ray diffraction pattern has been noted after shock loading, but this alteration has not yet been correlated with any structural change occurring during shock loading of polycrystal1ine beryllium.This study is being conducted in an effort to characterize the effects of shock loading on textured, polycrystal1ine beryllium. Samples were fabricated from a billet of Kawecki-Berylco hot pressed HP-10 beryllium.

Chemical modification of the bacterial wall to determine sites of metal deposition

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 350-351
Author(s):  
T. J. Beveridge
Keyword(s):  
Electron Scattering ◽  
Metal Salt ◽  
Metal Deposition ◽  
Suitable Model ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Subtilis Cell ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Section Data ◽  
Metal Impregnation

The Bacillus subtilis cell wall provides a protective sacculus about the vital constituents of the bacterium and consists of a collection of anionic hetero- and homopolymers which are mainly polysaccharidic. We recently demonstrated that unfixed walls were able to trap and retain substantial amounts of metal when suspended in aqueous metal salt solutions. These walls were briefly mixed with low concentration metal solutions (5mM for 10 min at 22°C), were well washed with deionized distilled water, and the quantity of metal uptake (atomic absorption and X-ray fluorescence), the type of staining response (electron scattering profile of thin-sections), and the crystallinity of the deposition product (X-ray diffraction of embedded specimens) determined.Since most biological material possesses little electron scattering ability electron microscopists have been forced to depend on heavy metal impregnation of the specimen before obtaining thin-section data. Our experience with these walls suggested that they may provide a suitable model system with which to study the sites of reaction for this metal deposition.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document