scholarly journals The validity and reliability of the digital Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT) in the general adult population

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (S10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joyce Vrijsen ◽  
Carel‐Peter van Erpecum ◽  
Jacobien Niebuur ◽  
Nynke Smidt
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
General Adult Population ◽  
Ruff Figural Fluency Test ◽  
Figural Fluency ◽  
Fluency Test

scholarly journals The validity and reliability of a digital Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Vrijsen ◽  
C. L. van Erpecum ◽  
S. E. de Rooij ◽  
J. Niebuur ◽  
N. Smidt
Keyword(s):  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Retest Reliability ◽  
Paper And Pencil ◽  
Test Retest Reliability ◽  
Ruff Figural Fluency Test ◽  
Figural Fluency ◽  
Automatic Scoring ◽  
Fluency Test

Abstract Background The Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT) is a valid but time-consuming and labour-intensive cognitive paper-and-pencil test. A digital RFFT was developed that can be conducted independently using an iPad and Apple Pencil and RFFT scores are computed automatically. We investigated the validity and reliability of this digital RFFT. Methods We randomly allocated participants to the digital or paper-and-pencil RFFT. After the first test, the other test was performed immediately (cross-over). Participants were invited for a second digital RFFT 1 week later. For the digital RFFT, an (automatic) algorithm and two independent raters (criterion standard) assessed the number of unique designs (UD) and perseverative errors (PE). These raters also assessed the paper-and-pencil RFFT. We used Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), sensitivity, specificity, %-agreement, Kappa, and Bland–Altman plots. Results We included 94 participants (mean (SD) age 39.9 (14.8), 73.4% follow-up). Mean (SD) UD and median (IQR) PE of the digital RFFT were 84.2 (26.0) and 4 (2–7.3), respectively. Agreement between manual and automatic scoring of the digital RFFT was high for UD (ICC = 0.99, 95% CI 0.98, 0.99, sensitivity = 0.98; specificity = 0.96) and PE (ICC = 0.99, 95% CI 0.98, 0.99; sensitivity = 0.90, specificity = 1.00), indicating excellent criterion validity. Small but significant differences in UD were found between the automatic and manual scoring (mean difference: − 1.12, 95% CI − 1.92, − 0.33). Digital and paper-and-pencil RFFT had moderate agreement for UD (ICC = 0.73, 95% CI 0.34, 0.87) and poor agreement for PE (ICC = 0.47, 95% CI 0.30, 0.62). Participants had fewer UD on the digital than paper-and-pencil RFFT (mean difference: − 7.09, 95% CI − 11.80, − 2.38). The number of UD on the digital RFFT was associated with higher education (Spearman’s r = 0.43, p < 0.001), and younger age (Pearson’s r = − 0.36, p < 0.001), showing its ability to discriminate between different age categories and levels of education. Test–retest reliability was moderate (ICC = 0.74, 95% CI 0.61, 0.83). Conclusions The automatic scoring of the digital RFFT has good criterion and convergent validity. There was low agreement between the digital RFFT and paper-and-pencil RFFT and moderate test–retest reliability, which can be explained by learning effects. The digital RFFT is a valid and reliable instrument to measure executive cognitive function among the general population and is a feasible alternative to the paper-and-pencil RFFT in large-scale studies. However, its scores cannot be used interchangeably with the paper-and-pencil RFFT scores.

scholarly journals Validity and Reliability of the Polish Adaptation of the Ruff Figural Fluency Test

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emilia Łojek ◽  
Joanna Stańczak ◽  
Agnieszka Wójcik ◽  
Bernice Marcopulos
Keyword(s):  
Test Performance ◽  
Brain Lesions ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Reliability Indices ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Polish Version ◽  
Polish Adaptation ◽  
Ruff Figural Fluency Test ◽  
Figural Fluency ◽  
Fluency Test

Abstract Normative studies of the Polish adaptation of Th e Ruff Figural Fluency Test (RFFT) were conducted on 475 men and women aged 16-79, taking into consideration such factors as gender, education, and place of residence. Clinical studies were also performed on a group of patients with left -, right-, or bilateral hemispheric brain lesions, Parkinson’s disease, Huntingon’s disease, progressive obturational lung disease, dementia and depression. Th e results support the utility of the RFFT as a measure of executive functions. Th e validity and reliability indices of the Polish version of the test are similar to those reported by Ruff (1996). However, the sample Polish test performance differs notably from American samples performance and this difference is discussed.

scholarly journals Reference Data for the Ruff Figural Fluency Test Stratified by Age and Educational Level

PLoS ONE ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. e17045 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerbrand J. Izaks ◽  
Hanneke Joosten ◽  
Janneke Koerts ◽  
Ron T. Gansevoort ◽  
Joris P. Slaets
Keyword(s):  
Educational Level ◽  
Reference Data ◽  
Ruff Figural Fluency Test ◽  
Figural Fluency ◽  
Fluency Test

Relationships between Verbal and Nonverbal Fluency Measures: Implications for Assessment of Executive Functioning

1997 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
George J. Demakis ◽  
David W. Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Word Association ◽  
Association Test ◽  
Executive Processes ◽  
Free Condition ◽  
Word Association Test ◽  
Design Fluency ◽  
Ruff Figural Fluency Test ◽  
Figural Fluency ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fluency Test

This experiment evaluated the relationship between verbal and nonverbal fluency measures commonly employed in neuropsychological assessment. Three fluency measures, the Controlled Oral Word Association Test, the Design Fluency Test, and the Ruff Figural Fluency Test, were administered to a sample of 61 men and 73 women in college Analyses indicated that scores on the Controlled Oral Word Association Test were significantly correlated with scores on the Fixed but not the Free Condition of the Design Fluency Test. Scores on the Ruff test were significantly more closely correlated with the Fixed versus the Free Condition, although they were also correlated with the total scores on the Design Fluency Test. Differential correlations are discussed in terms of the varying structure inherent in the measures of fluency and their presumed taxing of frontally mediated executive processes.

scholarly journals The reliability of production strategy scores for the Ruff Figural Fluency Test

2003 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 879-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. P. Ross ◽  
E. L. Foard ◽  
F. B. Hiott ◽  
A. Vincent
Keyword(s):  
Production Strategy ◽  
Ruff Figural Fluency Test ◽  
Figural Fluency ◽  
Fluency Test

scholarly journals Classification of user performance in the Ruff Figural Fluency Test based on eye-tracking features

2017 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 02002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magdalena Borys ◽  
Sara Barakate ◽  
Karim Hachmoud ◽  
Małgorzata Plechawska-Wójcik ◽  
Paweł Krukow ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracking ◽  
User Performance ◽  
Ruff Figural Fluency Test ◽  
Figural Fluency ◽  
Fluency Test

scholarly journals Strategy use of older adults on the Ruff Figural Fluency Test

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 666-666 ◽  
Author(s):  
H.M. Nissley ◽  
P. Mattfeld ◽  
M. Schmitter-Edgecombe
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Strategy Use ◽  
Ruff Figural Fluency Test ◽  
Figural Fluency ◽  
Fluency Test

scholarly journals Agreement between Computerized and Human Assessment of Performance on the Ruff Figural Fluency Test

PLoS ONE ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. e0163286
Author(s):  
Martin F. Elderson ◽  
Sander Pham ◽  
Marlise E. A. van Eersel ◽  
Bruce H. R. Wolffenbuttel ◽  
Johan Kok ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Assessment Of Performance ◽  
Ruff Figural Fluency Test ◽  
Human Assessment ◽  
Figural Fluency ◽  
Fluency Test
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