Morphological invariant of the midsagittal deep brain anatomy between humans and African great apes

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideki Amano ◽  
Takanori Kochiyama ◽  
Hiroki C. Tanabe ◽  
Naomichi Ogihara
Keyword(s):  
Great Apes ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
African Great Apes ◽  
Deep Brain

scholarly journals Assessing Host-Virus Codivergence for Close Relatives of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus Infecting African Great Apes

2016 ◽  
Vol 90 (19) ◽  
pp. 8531-8541 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadège F. Madinda ◽  
Bernhard Ehlers ◽  
Joel O. Wertheim ◽  
Chantal Akoua-Koffi ◽  
Richard A. Bergl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Host Specificity ◽  
Viral Evolution ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Merkel Cell Polyomavirus ◽  
Merkel Cell ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Animal Hosts ◽  
African Great Apes

ABSTRACTIt has long been hypothesized that polyomaviruses (PyV; familyPolyomaviridae) codiverged with their animal hosts. In contrast, recent analyses suggested that codivergence may only marginally influence the evolution of PyV. We reassess this question by focusing on a single lineage of PyV infecting hominine hosts, the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV) lineage. By characterizing the genetic diversity of these viruses in seven African great ape taxa, we show that they exhibit very strong host specificity. Reconciliation analyses identify more codivergence than noncodivergence events. In addition, we find that a number of host and PyV divergence events are synchronous. Collectively, our results support codivergence as the dominant process at play during the evolution of the MCPyV lineage. More generally, our results add to the growing body of evidence suggesting an ancient and stable association of PyV and their animal hosts.IMPORTANCEThe processes involved in viral evolution and the interaction of viruses with their hosts are of great scientific interest and public health relevance. It has long been thought that the genetic diversity of double-stranded DNA viruses was generated over long periods of time, similar to typical host evolutionary timescales. This was also hypothesized for polyomaviruses (familyPolyomaviridae), a group comprising several human pathogens, but this remains a point of controversy. Here, we investigate this question by focusing on a single lineage of polyomaviruses that infect both humans and their closest relatives, the African great apes. We show that these viruses exhibit considerable host specificity and that their evolution largely mirrors that of their hosts, suggesting that codivergence with their hosts played a major role in their diversification. Our results provide statistical evidence in favor of an association of polyomaviruses and their hosts over millions of years.

scholarly journals Wild African great apes as natural hosts of malaria parasites: current knowledge and research perspectives

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène Marie De Nys ◽  
Therese Löhrich ◽  
Doris Wu ◽  
Sébastien Calvignac-Spencer ◽  
Fabian Hubertus Leendertz
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Great Ape ◽  
Malaria Parasites ◽  
Research Perspectives ◽  
Parasite Ecology ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
African Great Apes

Abstract. Humans and African great apes (AGAs) are naturally infected with several species of closely related malaria parasites. The need to understand the origins of human malaria as well as the risk of zoonotic transmissions and emergence of new malaria strains in human populations has markedly encouraged research on great ape Plasmodium parasites. Progress in the use of non-invasive methods has rendered investigations into wild ape populations possible. Present knowledge is mainly focused on parasite diversity and phylogeny, with still large gaps to fill on malaria parasite ecology. Understanding what malaria infection means in terms of great ape health is also an important, but challenging avenue of research and has been subject to relatively few research efforts so far. This paper reviews current knowledge on African great ape malaria and identifies gaps and future research perspectives.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Automatic Segmentation of Thalamic Nuclei through Clinical Effects Using Directional Deep Brain Stimulation Leads: A Technical Note

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 642
Author(s):  
Marie T. Krüger ◽  
Rebecca Kurtev-Rittstieg ◽  
Georg Kägi ◽  
Yashar Naseri ◽  
Stefan Hägele-Link ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Deep Brain Stimulation ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Technical Note ◽  
Patient Specific ◽  
Brain Anatomy ◽  
Clinical Effects ◽  
Thalamic Nuclei ◽  
Lead Placement ◽  
Deep Brain

Automatic anatomical segmentation of patients’ anatomical structures and modeling of the volume of tissue activated (VTA) can potentially facilitate trajectory planning and post-operative programming in deep brain stimulation (DBS). We demonstrate an approach to evaluate the accuracy of such software for the ventral intermediate nucleus (VIM) using directional leads. In an essential tremor patient with asymmetrical brain anatomy, lead placement was adjusted according to the suggested segmentation made by the software (Brainlab). Postoperatively, we used directionality to assess lead placement using side effect testing (internal capsule and sensory thalamus). Clinical effects were then compared to the patient-specific visualization and VTA simulation in the GUIDE™ XT software (Boston Scientific). The patient’s asymmetrical anatomy was correctly recognized by the software and matched the clinical results. VTA models matched best for dysarthria (6 out of 6 cases) and sensory hand side effects (5/6), but least for facial side effects (1/6). Best concordance was observed for the modeled current anterior and back spread of the VTA, worst for the current side spread. Automatic anatomical segmentation and VTA models can be valuable tools for DBS planning and programming. Directional DBS leads allow detailed postoperative assessment of the concordance of such image-based simulation and visualization with clinical effects.

scholarly journals African great apes are natural hosts of multiple related malaria species, including Plasmodium falciparum

2010 ◽  
Vol 107 (4) ◽  
pp. 1458-1463 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Prugnolle ◽  
P. Durand ◽  
C. Neel ◽  
B. Ollomo ◽  
F. J. Ayala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plasmodium Falciparum ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Natural Hosts ◽  
Malaria Species ◽  
African Great Apes

scholarly journals African Great Apes Are Naturally Infected with Roseoloviruses Closely Related to Human Herpesvirus 7

2014 ◽  
Vol 88 (22) ◽  
pp. 13212-13220 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lavergne ◽  
D. Donato ◽  
A. Gessain ◽  
H. Niphuis ◽  
E. Nerrienet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
African Great Apes

scholarly journals Fertility as a constraint on group size in African great Apes

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
R I M Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
Group Size ◽  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Great Apes ◽  
Adult Females ◽  
African Great Apes ◽  
Cognitive Cost ◽  
Size And Structure ◽  
Do So ◽  
The Way

Abstract Gorillas and chimpanzees live in social groups of very different size and structure. Here I test the hypothesis that this difference might reflect the way fertility maps onto group demography as it does in other Catarrhines. For both genera, birth rates and the number of surviving offspring per female are quadratic (or ∩-shaped) functions of the number of adult females in the group, and this is independent of environmental effects. The rate at which fertility declines ultimately imposes a constraint on the size of social groups that can be maintained in both taxa. The differences in group size between the two genera seem to reflect a contrast in the way females buffer themselves against this cost. Gorillas do this by using males as bodyguards, whereas chimpanzees exploit fission–fusion sociality to do so. The latter allows chimpanzees to live in much larger groups without paying a fertility cost (albeit at a cognitive cost).

scholarly journals Pan African Sanctuary Alliance: securing a future for the African great apes

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Stokes ◽  
G. Tully ◽  
A. G. Rosati
Keyword(s):  
Great Apes ◽  
Pan African ◽  
African Great Apes

Discrepancies in the Occurrence of Balantidium coli Between Wild and Captive African Great Apes

2010 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 1139-1144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateřina Pomajbíková ◽  
Klára J. Petrželková ◽  
Ilona Profousová ◽  
Jana Petrášová ◽  
David Modrý
Keyword(s):  
Great Apes ◽  
Balantidium Coli ◽  
African Great Apes

scholarly journals Anthrax in Western and Central African great apes

2006 ◽  
Vol 68 (9) ◽  
pp. 928-933 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fabian H. Leendertz ◽  
Felix Lankester ◽  
Patrick Guislain ◽  
Cécile Néel ◽  
Ofir Drori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Great Apes ◽  
African Great Apes
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