Ontogenetic scaling of fore limb and hind limb joint posture and limb bone cross-sectional geometry in vervets and baboons

2016 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 72-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Loring Burgess ◽  
Daniel Schmitt ◽  
Angel Zeininger ◽  
Shannon C. McFarlin ◽  
Adrienne L. Zihlman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Limb Bone

scholarly journals Functional Morphology and Morphological Diversification of Hind Limb Cross-Sectional Traits in Mustelid Mammals

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Parsi-Pour ◽  
B M Kilbourne
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Structural Strength ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Phylogenetic Relatedness ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Section Modulus ◽  
Second Moments

Synopsis Locomotor habits in mammals are strongly tied to limb bones’ lengths, diameters, and proportions. By comparison, fewer studies have examined how limb bone cross-sectional traits relate to locomotor habit. Here, we tested whether climbing, digging, and swimming locomotor habits reflect biomechanically meaningful differences in three cross-sectional traits rendered dimensionless— cross-sectional area (CSA), second moments of area (SMA), and section modulus (MOD)—using femora, tibiae, and fibulae of 28 species of mustelid. CSA and SMA represent resistance to axial compression and bending, respectively, whereas MOD represents structural strength. Given the need to counteract buoyancy in aquatic environments and soil’s high density, we predicted that natatorial and fossorial mustelids have higher values of cross-sectional traits. For all three traits, we found that natatorial mustelids have the highest values, followed by fossorial mustelids, with both of these groups significantly differing from scansorial mustelids. However, phylogenetic relatedness strongly influences diversity in cross-sectional morphology, as locomotor habit strongly correlates with phylogeny. Testing whether hind limb bone cross-sectional traits have evolved adaptively, we fit Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) and Brownian motion (BM) models of trait diversification to cross-sectional traits. The cross-sectional traits of the femur, tibia, and fibula appear to have, respectively, diversified under a multi-rate BM model, a single rate BM model, and a multi-optima OU model. In light of recent studies on mustelid body size and elongation, our findings suggest that the mustelid body plan—and perhaps that of other mammals—is likely the sum of a suite of traits evolving under different models of trait diversification.

Effect of Early Low-Intensity Exercise on Rat Hind-Limb Muscles Following Acute Ischemic Stroke

2006 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 163-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myoung-Ae Choe ◽  
Gyeong Ju An ◽  
Yoon-Kyong Lee ◽  
Ji Hye Im ◽  
Smi Choi-Kwon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Gastrocnemius Muscle ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Type I ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Muscle Type ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Low Intensity ◽  
Low Intensity Exercise

This study examined the effects of daily low-intensity exercise following acute stroke on mass, Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area, and myofibrillar protein content of hind-limb muscles in a rat model. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups (n = 7-9 per group): stroke (occlusion of the right middle cerebral artery [RMCA]), control (sham RMCA procedure), exercise, and stroke-exercise. Beginning 48 hours post-stroke induction/sham operation, rats in the exercise group had 6 sessions of exercise in which they ran on a treadmill at grade 10 for 20 min/day at 10 m/min. At 8 days poststroke, all rats were anesthetized and soleus, plantaris, and gastrocnemius muscles were dissected from both the affected and unaffected sides. After 6 sessions of exercise following acute ischemic stroke, the stroke-exercise group showed the following significant (p < .05) increases compared to the stroke-only group: body weight and dietary intake, muscle weight of affected soleus and both affected and unaffected gastrocnemius muscle, Type I fiber cross-sectional area of affected soleus and both affected and unaffected gastrocnemius muscle, Type II fiber cross-sectional area of the unaffected soleus, both affected and unaffected plantaris and gastrocnemius muscle, Type II fiber distribution of affected gastrocnemius muscle, and myofibrillar protein content of both affected and unaffected soleus muscle. Daily low-intensity exercise following acute stroke attenuates hind-limb muscle atrophy in both affected and unaffected sides. The effects of exercise are more pronounced in the soleus and gastrocnemius as compared to the plantaris muscle.

Hind Limb Bone Proportions Reveal Unexpected Morphofunctional Diversification in Xenarthrans

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah K. Marshall ◽  
Kyle B. Spainhower ◽  
Brandon T. Sinn ◽  
Thomas P. Diggins ◽  
Michael T. Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Limb Bone

Comparison of subchondral lesion size between clinical and non-clinical medial trochlear ridge talar osteochondritis dissecans in dogs

2007 ◽  
Vol 20 (01) ◽  
pp. 08-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Van Ryssen ◽  
F. Coopman ◽  
H. van Bree ◽  
I. Gielen
Keyword(s):  
Osteochondritis Dissecans ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Lesion Size ◽  
Degenerative Joint Disease ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Bone Lesions ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Measured Length

SummaryIn this retrospective study of nine dogs exhibiting bilateral medial trochlear ridge talar osteochondritis dissecans (MTRT-OCD) and unilateral hind limb lameness, we compared subchondral lesion size in limbs with visible lameness, with contralateral lesions that were not associated with any visible lameness. All MTRT-OCD lesions were imaged by radiography and computed tomography (CT). The dimensions of subchondral bone lesions were measured (length, width and depth) using CT software. Similar to a method used in humans, the estimated volume (length x width x depth) and cross sectional area (length x width) were calculated and compared. We found that MTRT-OCD lesions causing visible lameness were significantly larger, and were associated with more joint thickening and degenerative joint disease than contralateral lesions that were not associated with any apparent lameness. As in the disease of shoulder osteochondritis dissecans, there is probably a correlation between the size of MTRT-OCD lesions and the symptoms of lameness.

Motor patterns of distal hind limb muscles in walking turtles: Implications for models of limb bone loading

2010 ◽  
Vol 271 (12) ◽  
pp. 1527-1536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heiko L. Schoenfuss ◽  
John D. Roos ◽  
Angela R. V. Rivera ◽  
Richard W. Blob
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Motor Patterns ◽  
Limb Bone ◽  
Limb Muscles ◽  
Bone Loading

A comparison of primate, carnivoran and rodent limb bone cross-sectional properties: are primates really unique?

2000 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.D. Polk ◽  
B. Demes ◽  
W.L. Jungers ◽  
A.R. Biknevicius ◽  
R.E. Heinrich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Limb Bone

scholarly journals Alternative Splicing Regulates the Physiological Adaptation of the Mouse Hind Limb Postural and Phasic Muscles to Microgravity

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mason Henrich ◽  
Pin Ha ◽  
John S. Adams ◽  
Chia Soo ◽  
Kang Ting ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alternative Splicing ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Differentially Expressed ◽  
Physiological Adaptation ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Splicing Regulators ◽  
Physiological Adaptations ◽  
Coordinate Changes

Muscle atrophy and fiber type alterations are well-characterized physiological adaptations to microgravity with both understood to be primarily regulated by differential gene expression (DGE). While microgravity-induced DGE has been extensively investigated, adaptations to microgravity due to alternative splicing (AS) have not been studied in a mammalian model. We sought to comprehensively elucidate the transcriptomic underpinnings of microgravity-induced muscle phenotypes in mice by evaluating both DGE and changes in AS due to extended spaceflight. Tissue sections and total RNA were isolated from the gastrocnemius and quadriceps, postural and phasic muscles of the hind limb, respectively, of 32-week-old female BALB/c mice exposed to microgravity or ground control conditions for nine weeks. Immunohistochemistry disclosed muscle type-specific physiological adaptations to microgravity that included i) a pronounced reduction in muscle fiber cross-sectional area in both muscles and ii) a prominent slow-to-fast fiber type transition in the gastrocnemius. RNA sequencing revealed that DGE and AS varied across postural and phasic muscle types with preferential employment of DGE in the gastrocnemius and AS in the quadriceps. Gene ontology analysis indicated that DGE and AS regulate distinct molecular processes. Various non-differentially expressed transcripts encoding musculoskeletal proteins (Tnnt3, Tnnt1, Neb, Ryr1, and Ttn) and muscle-specific RNA binding splicing regulators (Mbnl1 and Rbfox1) were found to have significant changes in AS that altered critical functional domains of their protein products. In striking contrast, microgravity-induced differentially expressed genes were associated with lipid metabolism and mitochondrial function. Our work serves as the first comprehensive investigation of coordinate changes in DGE and AS in large limb muscles across spaceflight. We propose that substantial remodeling of pre-mRNA by AS is a major component of transcriptomic adaptation of skeletal muscle to microgravity. The alternatively spliced genes identified here could be targeted by small molecule splicing regulator therapies to address microgravity-induced changes in muscle during spaceflight.

Age estimation of pteropodid bats (Megachiroptera) from hard tissue parameters

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 353 ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Cool ◽  
MB Bennet ◽  
K Romaniuk
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sections ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Interference Microscopy ◽  
Long Bones ◽  
Fruit Bats ◽  
Hard Tissue ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Limb Bones ◽  
Radial Thickness

This investigation employed undecalcified thin (10 �m) and thick (100 �m) mid-root sections of surgically removed canine teeth, and thick sections of diaphyseal fore- and hind-limb bones from 14 fruit bats (Pteropus alecto and R poliocephalus) of known age, to attempt to establish a relationship between the chronological age of these animals and changes in the cross-sectional morphology of the hard tissues. Growth layers in bone, dentine and cementum were clearly visible in cross sections when viewed by Nomarski interference microscopy. The number of growth layers in the periosteal region of long bones and in dentine varied widely within a given section, making it impossible to estimate age from these tissues. Dental cementum most reliably reflected the age of fruit bats, with both growth layers and the radial thickness of cementum showing significant correlations with age (P<0.05). Linear regression was used to formulate equations for estimating age. The simplicity of this technique may provide investigators with a useful method for estimating the age of pteropodid fruit bats.

Cross-sectional structural variation relative to midshaft along hominine diaphyses. II. The hind limb

2015 ◽  
Vol 158 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carrie S. Mongle ◽  
Ian J. Wallace ◽  
Frederick E. Grine
Keyword(s):  
Hind Limb ◽  
Structural Variation ◽  
Cross Sectional
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