Interspecies difference in placement of developing teeth and its relationship with cross-sectional geometry of the mandibular symphysis in four primate species including modern humans

2011 ◽  
Vol 147 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hitoshi Fukase
Keyword(s):  
Primate Species ◽  
Interspecies Difference ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mandibular Symphysis

scholarly journals Molecular evolutionary analysis of human primary microcephaly genes

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nashaiman Pervaiz ◽  
Hongen Kang ◽  
Yiming Bao ◽  
Amir Ali Abbasi
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Genetic Basis ◽  
Brain Size ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Evolutionary Analysis ◽  
Australopithecus Afarensis ◽  
Primary Microcephaly ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Background There has been a rapid increase in the brain size relative to body size during mammalian evolutionary history. In particular, the enlarged and globular brain is the most distinctive anatomical feature of modern humans that set us apart from other extinct and extant primate species. Genetic basis of large brain size in modern humans has largely remained enigmatic. Genes associated with the pathological reduction of brain size (primary microcephaly-MCPH) have the characteristics and functions to be considered ideal candidates to unravel the genetic basis of evolutionary enlargement of human brain size. For instance, the brain size of microcephaly patients is similar to the brain size of Pan troglodyte and the very early hominids like the Sahelanthropus tchadensis and Australopithecus afarensis. Results The present study investigates the molecular evolutionary history of subset of autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) genes; CEP135, ZNF335, PHC1, SASS6, CDK6, MFSD2A, CIT, and KIF14 across 48 mammalian species. Codon based substitutions site analysis indicated that ZNF335, SASS6, CIT, and KIF14 have experienced positive selection in eutherian evolutionary history. Estimation of divergent selection pressure revealed that almost all of the MCPH genes analyzed in the present study have maintained their functions throughout the history of placental mammals. Contrary to our expectations, human-specific adoptive evolution was not detected for any of the MCPH genes analyzed in the present study. Conclusion Based on these data it can be inferred that protein-coding sequence of MCPH genes might not be the sole determinant of increase in relative brain size during primate evolutionary history.

scholarly journals The Jaw Adductor Resultant and Estimated Bite Force in Primates

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan M. G. Perry ◽  
Adam Hartstone-Rose ◽  
Rachel L. Logan
Keyword(s):  
Temporomandibular Joint ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Bite Force ◽  
Cross Sectional Area ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Sectional Area ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Joint Distraction ◽  
Jaw Adductors

We reconstructed the jaw adductor resultant in 34 primate species using new data on muscle physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA) and data on skull landmarks. Based on predictions by Greaves, the resultant should (1) cross the jaw at 30% of its length, (2) lie directly posterior to the last molar, and (3) incline more anteriorly in primates that need not resist large anteriorly-directed forces. We found that the resultant lies significantly posterior to its predicted location, is significantly posterior to the last molar, and is significantly more anteriorly inclined in folivores than in frugivores. Perhaps primates emphasize avoiding temporomandibular joint distraction and/or wide gapes at the expense of bite force. Our exploration of trends in the data revealed that estimated bite force varies with body mass (but not diet) and is significantly greater in strepsirrhines than in anthropoids. This might be related to greater contribution from the balancing-side jaw adductors in anthropoids.

scholarly journals Loss of memory CD4+ T-cells in semi-wild mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) naturally infected with species-specific simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmnd-1

2014 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 201-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward J. D. Greenwood ◽  
Fabian Schmidt ◽  
Florian Liégeois ◽  
Ivanela Kondova ◽  
Anaïs Herbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Natural Environment ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Mandrillus Sphinx ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Siv Infection ◽  
Species Specific

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection is found in a number of African primate species and is thought to be generally non-pathogenic. However, studies of wild primates are limited to two species, with SIV infection appearing to have a considerably different outcome in each. Further examination of SIV-infected primates exposed to their natural environment is therefore warranted. We performed a large cross-sectional study of a cohort of semi-wild mandrills with naturally occurring SIV infection, including 39 SIV-negative and 33 species-specific SIVmnd-1-infected animals. This study was distinguished from previous reports by considerably greater sample size, examination of exclusively naturally infected animals in semi-wild conditions and consideration of simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV) status in addition to SIVmnd-1 infection. We found that SIVmnd-1 infection was associated with a significant and progressive loss of memory CD4+ T-cells. Limited but significant increases in markers of immune activation in the T-cell populations, significant increases in plasma neopterin and changes to B-cell subsets were also observed in SIV-infected animals. However, no increase in plasma soluble CD14 was observed. Histological examination of peripheral lymph nodes suggested that SIVmnd-1 infection was not associated with a significant disruption of the lymph node architecture. Whilst this species has evolved numerous strategies to resist the development of AIDS, significant effects of SIV infection could be observed when examined in a natural environment. STLVmnd-1 infection also had significant effects on some markers relevant to understanding SIV infection and thus should be considered in studies of SIV infection of African primates where present.

scholarly journals Genomic benchmarking studies reveal variations of the polyubiquitination domain of the PSD95 protein in Homo neanderthalensis and other primates of the Hominidae family: Possible implications in cognitive functions?

Bionatura ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1593-1601
Author(s):  
Michael Zuarez-Chamba ◽  
Luis Puma ◽  
Jorge Bermeo ◽  
Eugenio Andrade ◽  
Stalin A. Bermúdez-Puga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Synaptic Plasticity ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Silent Mutation ◽  
Nucleotide Position ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Cognitive Evolution ◽  
Modern Humans

Modern humans' unique cognitive abilities regarding Neanderthals and other primate's lineages are frequently attributed to the differences in brain size development and evolution. However, recent studies have established the critical role of genomic and genetic benchmarking in analyzing the cognitive evolution between modern humans and primates, focused mainly on searching for involved genes in neurogenesis. PSD95 protein (named PSD95p) has a key role in modulating synaptic plasticity, learning, and memory skills. Thus, the present study aimed to determine the possible variations of the PSD95 gene between modern humans, Neanderthals, and other hominid primate species using bioinformatics tools. The results showed 14 polymorphisms compared with the contemporary human PSD95 gene, of which 13 were silent mutations, and only one was a non-silent mutation at the nucleotide position 281. Despite polymorphisms found at the nucleotide sequences, the PSD95p of humans and chimpanzees are 100% identical. Likewise, the gorilla and orangutan PSD95p are 100% identical, although a 103-amino acid deletion characterizes them at the N-terminal end (1-103), suggesting that it behaves like a non-functional protein. Interestingly, the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) found at position 281 in the Neanderthal PSD95 gene leads to a change of the E94 to valine V94 in the polyubiquitination domain (PEST) and variation in the three-dimensional structure of PSD95 protein. We prompt that this structural change in the PEST domain could induce a loss of PSD95p function and, therefore, an alteration in synaptic plasticity forms such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD). These findings open a possible hypothesis supporting the idea that humans' cognitive evolution after separating our last common ancestor with Neanderthals lineage could have been accompanied by discrete changes in the PSD95p polyubiquitination domain.

scholarly journals Oxytocin and vasotocin receptor variation sheds light into the evolution of human prosociality

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Constantina Theofanopoulou ◽  
Alejandro Andirkó ◽  
Cedric Boeckx ◽  
Erich D. Jarvis
Keyword(s):  
Balancing Selection ◽  
Modern Human ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Social Traits ◽  
Pathogenicity Prediction ◽  
Vasopressin Receptors ◽  
Specific Variation ◽  
Major Allele

AbstractModern human lifestyle strongly depends on complex social traits like empathy, tolerance and cooperation. These diverse facets of social cognition have been associated with variation in the oxytocin receptor (OTR) and its sister genes, the vasotocin/vasopressin receptors (VTR1A/AVPR1A and AVPR1B/VTR1B). Here, we compared the full genomic sequences of these receptors between modern humans, archaic humans, and 12 non-human primate species, and identified sites that show heterozygous variation in modern humans and archaic humans distinct from variation in other primates, and that have associated literature. We performed variant clustering, pathogenicity prediction, regulation, linkage disequilibrium frequency and selection analyses on data in different modern-human populations. We found five sites with modern human specific variation, where the modern human allele is the major allele in the global population (OTR: rs1042778, rs237885, rs6770632; VTR1A: rs10877969; VTR1B: rs33985287). Among them, the OTR-rs6770632 was predicted to be the most functional. We found two sites where alleles (OTR: rs59190448 and rs237888)1 present only in modern humans and archaic humans are under positive selection in modern humans, with rs237888 predicted to be a highly functional site. We identified three sites of convergent evolution between modern humans and bonobos (OTR: rs2228485 and rs237897; VTR1A: rs1042615), with OTR-rs2228485 ranking very highly in terms of functionality and being under balancing selection in modern humans. Our findings shed light on evolutionary questions of modern human and hominid prosociality, as well as on similarities in the social behavior between modern humans and bonobos.

scholarly journals Ongoing evolution of KRAB zinc finger protein-coding genes in modern humans

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian W. Thorball ◽  
Evarist Planet ◽  
Jonas de Tribolet-Hardy ◽  
Alexandre Coudray ◽  
Jacques Fellay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Transposable Element ◽  
Zinc Finger ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Zinc Finger Protein ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Regulatory Sequences ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Functional Sites ◽  
Missense Variants

AbstractBackgroundKrüppel-associated box (KRAB) zinc finger proteins (KZFPs) constitute the largest and fastest evolving family of gene regulators encoded by the human genome. Recent data indicate that many KZFPs serve as repressors of transposable element-embedded regulatory sequences (TEeRS) and that the evolutionary turnover of KZFP genes is mainly attributable to the changing transposable element (TE) load of their hosts. However, how natural selection and genetic variation are shaping this process is still poorly defined.MethodsGenetic information was collected from nine primate species and 138,500 human genomes. Gene-wide as well as functional amino acid position specific constraint was calculated across all human KZFPs.ResultsWe found that the most conserved KZFPs, some of which go back close to 400 million years, have been subjected to marked negative selection in the evolutionarily recent past and are very homogeneous within the human population. In contrast, younger, largely primate-restricted family members present evidence of less negative selection than the rest of genome and lower levels of coding constraint, particularly within the sequences encoding the functional sites of their zinc finger (ZF) arrays. We defined 33 sets of KZFP paralogs, which pairwise displayed a broad range of coding constraints differentials, with more recently emerged paralogs usually displaying a higher frequency of putatively deleterious mutations and missense variants within the functional sites of their ZF arrays than their source gene. Finally, we identified three KZFP genes more constrained in the genomes of individuals of African ancestry than in Europeans, with their modes of expression or DNA targets pointing to possible links between these inter-populational genetic differences and regional differences in the prevalence of some diseases.ConclusionsThis work shows how the ongoing selection of KZFPs contributes to modern human genetic variation, in particular through the constraint of putatively deleterious- and missense variants in functional protein sites, and how ongoing interplays between environment and KZFP genes might be impacting the biology of modern humans.

scholarly journals Fetal and infant growth patterns of the mandibular symphysis in modern humans and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

2010 ◽  
Vol 217 (5) ◽  
pp. 507-520 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Coquerelle ◽  
Fred L. Bookstein ◽  
José Braga ◽  
Demetrios J. Halazonetis ◽  
Gerhard W. Weber
Keyword(s):  
Pan Troglodytes ◽  
Infant Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Modern Humans ◽  
Mandibular Symphysis

scholarly journals Determination of Mandibular Symphysis Width in Skeletal Class I Patients with Different Vertical Patterns

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 2219-2222
Author(s):  
Saadia Ata. Asim Riaz ◽  
Muhammad Azeem ◽  
Anam Aziz ◽  
Usman Zaheer ◽  
Yaser Ishaq
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Lateral Cephalogram ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Lower Incisor ◽  
Mandibular Symphysis ◽  
Skeletal Class ◽  
Facial Harmony ◽  
Males And Females

Symphysis is an anatomical part of mandible that includes lower incisors and anterior chin. Mandibular symphysis is a contributing factor of facial harmony for esthetics and is a determinant for lower incisor position in orthodontic treatment planning for border line cases. This cross-sectional study was carried out in Orthodontics department, Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore on a sample size of 90 cases using 95% confidence level. Non probability consecutive sampling technique was used. Symphyseal dimensions were measured on lateral cephalogram. Data collected was entered and analyzed in computer program SPSS version 20. Quantitative outcomes like symphysis dimensions, symphysis width, vertical pattern, and ANB were subjected to ANOVA of significance. Independent T-test was used to make the comparison between males and females on the basis of variables. Results of this study suggested thatC-C’ varies significantly between males and females, whereas the differences in symphysis width LA, and LP between males & females are statistically insignificant (P>0.05). Bone anterior to lower incisor apex varies significantly among various facial profiles with hypo divergent males exhibiting wider chin than normo divergent and hyper divergent subjects. Sexual dimorphism in symphysis width was seen among genders. Keywords: Facial harmony, lower incisor position

scholarly journals Architectural properties of the musculoskeletal system in the shoulder of two callitrichid primate species derived from virtual dissection

Primates ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Eigen ◽  
John A. Nyakatura
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Shoulder Muscles ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Locomotor Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractCallitrichidae are small, arboreal New World primates that utilize a variety of locomotor behaviors including trunk-to-trunk leaping (TTL) and horizontal locomotion which involve differential functional demands. Little is known about the relationship between the preferred locomotor behavior and musculoskeletal architecture of these primates. In this study, we compared the musculoskeletal architecture of selected shoulder muscles in two cadavers each of the trunk-to-trunk leaper Cebuella pygmaea and the mainly pronograde quadrupedally moving Saguinus imperator subgrisescens. Contrast-enhanced microfocus computed tomography (µCT) was used to virtually dissect the cadavers, produce muscle maps, and create 3D reconstructions for an image-based analysis of the muscles. Muscle lengths, muscle volumes, and osteological muscle moment arms were measured, and the anatomical cross-sectional areas (ACSA) were calculated. We expected the muscles of the forelimb of S. imperator to be larger in volume and to be relatively shorter with a larger ACSA due to a higher demand for powerful extension in the forelimbs of this horizontally locomoting species. For C. pygmaea, we expected relatively larger moment arms for the triceps brachii, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis, as larger moment arms present an advantage for extensive vertical clinging on the trunk. The muscles of S. imperator were relatively larger in volume than in C. pygmaea and had a relatively larger ACSA. Thus, the shoulder muscles of S. imperator were suited to generate relatively larger forces than those of C. pygmaea. Contrary to our expectations, there were only slight differences between species in regard to muscle lengths and moment arms, which suggests that these properties are not dependent on the preferred locomotor mode. The study of this limited dataset demonstrates that some but not all properties of the musculoskeletal architecture reflect the preferred locomotor behavior in the two species of Callitrichidae examined.

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