Out of the mouths of baboons: Stress, life history, and dental development in the Awash National Park hybrid zone, Ethiopia

2002 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 239-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy Dirks ◽  
Donald J. Reid ◽  
Clifford J. Jolly ◽  
Jane E. Phillips-Conroy ◽  
Frederick L. Brett
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Hybrid Zone ◽  
National Park ◽  
Dental Development ◽  
Awash National Park

Prey Predator Algorithm for Travelling Salesman Problem

2017 ◽  
pp. 400-422 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surafel Luleseged Tilahun ◽  
Natnael Nigussie Goshu ◽  
Jean Medard T. Ngnotchouye
Keyword(s):  
Travel Salesman Problem ◽  
National Park ◽  
Addis Ababa ◽  
Travelling Salesman Problem ◽  
Bahir Dar ◽  
Tourist Destination ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
Direct Route ◽  
Awash National Park ◽  
Np Hardness

Visiting most, if not all, tourist destination of a country while visiting a country is an ideal plan of a tourist. In most cases if the tour is not carefully planned, it will be costly and time taking to travel between tourist destinations of a country. If we consider Ethiopia, a country which has been named as best tourism destination for 2015 by the European Council on Tourism and Trade (ECTT); there are many tourist destinations all over the country. The problem of determining the optimum route to visit all the tourist sites with minimum traveling time can be formulated as a travel salesman problem. In this study 17 of the famous tourist destination of Ethiopia will be selected and a travel salesman model will be formulated. Due to the NP hardness of the travel salesman problem, metaheuristic based algorithms are found to be more effective. Hence, a recently introduced swarm based metaheuristic algorithm, called prey predator algorithm will be used to deal with the formulated problem. The simulation result suggests that the best route to visit the selected destination is Addis Ababa ? Sof Omar Caves ? Bale Mountain National Park ? Abijiata-Shalla Lakes ? Netchisar National Park ? Mago National Park ? Omo National Park ? Gambella National Park ? Bahir Dar ? Lalibela ? Gonder ? Semien Mountain National Park ? Axum ? Ertale ? Yangudi Rassa National Park ? Awash National Park ? Harar ? Addis Ababa. It should be noted in some of the sites there is no direct route and hence a route through other cities is used and hence it should be recomputed in the future when a direct route between these tourist destinations is constructed.

scholarly journals Effects of life history stage and climatic conditions on fecal egg counts in plains zebras (Equus quagga) in the Serengeti National Park

2020 ◽  
Vol 119 (10) ◽  
pp. 3401-3413
Author(s):  
Peter A. Seeber ◽  
Tetiana A. Kuzmina ◽  
Alex D. Greenwood ◽  
Marion L. East
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
National Park ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Life History Stage ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasite ◽  
Serengeti Ecosystem ◽  
Life History Stages ◽  
Lactating Females ◽  
Host Life

Abstract In wildlife, endoparasite burden can be affected by host life history stage, environmental conditions, host abundance, and parasite co-infections. We tested the effects of these factors on gastrointestinal parasite infection in plains zebras (Equus quagga) in the Serengeti ecosystem, Tanzania, using fecal egg counts of two nematode families (Strongylidae and Ascarididae) and the presence/absence of cestode (Anoplocephalidae) eggs. We predicted higher egg counts of Strongylidae and Ascarididae, and increased likelihood of Anoplocephalidae infection in individuals (1) during energetically costly life history stages when resource allocation to immune processes may decrease and in young zebras after weaning because of increased uptake of infective stages with forage, (2) when climatic conditions facilitate survival of infective stages, (3) when large zebra aggregations increase forage contamination with infective stages, and (4) in individuals co-infected with more than one parasite group as this may indicate reduced immune competence. Strongylidae egg counts were higher, and the occurrence of Anoplocephalidae eggs was more likely in bachelors than in band stallions, whereas Ascarididae egg counts were higher in band stallions. Strongylidae and Ascarididae egg counts were not increased in lactating females. Strongylidae egg counts were higher in subadults than in foals. Regardless of sex and age, Ascarididae infections were more likely under wet conditions. Co-infections did not affect Strongylidae egg counts. Ascarididae egg counts in adult females were higher when individuals were co-infected with Anoplocephalidae. We present evidence that parasite burdens in plains zebras are affected by life history stage, environmental conditions, and co-infection.

Life history flexibility of Drunella submontana Brodsky, 1930 (Ephemeroptera: Ephemerellidae) along altitude gradients in Shennongjia National Park, China

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Xian-Fu Li ◽  
Lu Tan ◽  
Hua Du ◽  
Shu-Dan Li ◽  
Shu-Han Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
National Park
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