Wild mouse lemurs revisit artificial feeding platforms: implications for field experiments on sensory and cognitive abilities in small primates

2008 ◽  
Vol 70 (9) ◽  
pp. 892-896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marine Joly ◽  
Marina Scheumann ◽  
Elke Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Wild Mouse ◽  
Artificial Feeding ◽  
Mouse Lemurs

scholarly journals The Science of Mindfulness-Based Interventions and Learning: A Review for Educators

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruben Laukkonen ◽  
Jack Mitchell Ingram Leggett ◽  
Regan Gallagher ◽  
Hannah Biddell ◽  
Alissa Mrazek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Retrieval Practice ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Mindfulness Training ◽  
Sufficient Evidence ◽  
Current State ◽  
Diverse Groups ◽  
Learning Interventions ◽  
Conscious Control

Is there sufficient evidence that mindfulness training is ready to be implemented in schools? Going beyond the relatively comprehensive literature on mindfulness and mental health, here we investigate whether mindfulness can help students learn. We begin by drawing on laboratory studies in experimental psychology and cognitive science, and then reflect on research conducted in schools and other applied contexts. We also briefly discuss key insights from the neuroscience of mindfulness, and compare mindfulness to other well- known learning interventions. Our review suggests that mindfulness interventions have the potential to make students more focused, to help them regulate their emotions, to be more flexible and creative, and to change their brains in a way that encourages greater conscious control of their thoughts, feelings, and actions. These findings indicate that mindfulness may improve cognitive abilities that are key to learning outcomes, and may have a complementary relationship with other interventions such as retrieval practice. Field experiments also show promise, and are indicative of high feasibility, low risk, and suggest generalisability across diverse groups, ages, genders, and cultures. However, most studies currently lack standardisation, active control groups, and more experiments are needed that explicitly focus on academic performance in schools. We conclude by providing practical advice and best practices for the implementation of mindfulness training in schools, and highlight the promising future of digital mindfulness-based interventions as a scalable and affordable way to implement mindfulness in educational contexts. This review will be of value to those who are interested in the application of mindfulness to learning contexts, but also researchers and others who wish to know the current state of scientific evidence on mindfulness-based interventions and their impact on learning.

Experimental evidence for olfactory predator recognition in wild mouse lemurs

2011 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 928-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Kappel ◽  
Sarah Hohenbrink ◽  
Ute Radespiel
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Wild Mouse ◽  
Predator Recognition ◽  
Mouse Lemurs

scholarly journals Linking cognition to ecology in wild sympatric mouse lemur species

2021 ◽  
Vol 288 (1963) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johanna Henke-von der Malsburg ◽  
Peter M. Kappeler ◽  
Claudia Fichtel
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Social Systems ◽  
Ecological Factors ◽  
Mouse Lemur ◽  
Cognitive Test ◽  
Ecological Adaptations ◽  
Mouse Lemurs ◽  
Lemur Species

Cognitive abilities covary with both social and ecological factors across animal taxa. Ecological generalists have been attributed with enhanced cognitive abilities, but which specific ecological factors may have shaped the evolution of which specific cognitive abilities remains poorly known. To explore these links, we applied a cognitive test battery (two personality, ten cognitive tests; n = 1104 tests) to wild individuals of two sympatric mouse lemur species ( n = 120 Microcebus murinus, n = 34 M. berthae ) varying in ecological adaptations but sharing key features of their social systems. The habitat and dietary generalist grey mouse lemurs were more innovative and exhibited better spatial learning abilities; a cognitive advantage in responding adaptively to dynamic environmental conditions. The more specialized Madame Berthe's mouse lemurs were faster in learning associative reward contingencies, providing relative advantages in stable environmental conditions. Hence, our study revealed key cognitive correlates of ecological adaptations and indicates potential cognitive constraints of specialists that may help explain why they face a greater extinction risk in the context of current environmental changes.

scholarly journals Does the grey mouse lemur use agonistic vocalisations to recognise kin?

2018 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 261-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sharon E. Kessler ◽  
Ute Radespiel ◽  
Alida I. F. Hasiniaina ◽  
Leanne T. Nash ◽  
Elke Zimmermann
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Social Dynamics ◽  
Social Complexity ◽  
Kin Recognition ◽  
Wild Mouse ◽  
Mouse Lemur ◽  
Agonistic Interactions ◽  
Playback Experiments ◽  
Mouse Lemurs ◽  
Grey Mouse Lemur

Frequent kin-biased coalitionary behaviour is a hallmark of mammalian social complexity. Furthermore, selection to understand complex social dynamics is believed to underlie the co-evolution of social complexity and large brains. Vocalisations have been shown to be an important mechanism with which large-brained mammals living in complex social groups recognise and recruit kin for coalitionary support during agonistic conflicts. We test whether kin recognition via agonistic calls occurs in a small-brained solitary foraging primate living in a dispersed social network, the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus, Miller JF, 1777). As mouse lemurs are frequent models for ancestral solitary foraging mammals, this study examines whether kin recognition via agonistic calls could be the foundation from which more complex, kin-based coalitionary behaviour evolved. We test whether female wild mouse lemurs in Ankarafantsika National Park, Madagascar, react differently to agonistic calls from kin and nonkin and to calls from familiar and unfamiliar individuals during playback experiments. Subjects showed no significant differences in reactions to the different stimuli; thus they did not react differently based upon kinship or familiarity. Results suggest that this solitary foraging species does not use agonistic calls to recognise kin and monitor agonistic interactions involving kin, unlike several species of Old World monkeys and hyenas. Thus, kin recognition via agonistic calls may have evolved independently in these lineages in parallel with greater social complexity and frequent coalitionary behaviour.

Refining our understanding of the “elephant in the room”

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Whiten
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cultural Evolution ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Critical Factors ◽  
Technological Culture

Abstract The authors do the field of cultural evolution a service by exploring the role of non-social cognition in human cumulative technological culture, truly neglected in comparison with socio-cognitive abilities frequently assumed to be the primary drivers. Some specifics of their delineation of the critical factors are problematic, however. I highlight recent chimpanzee–human comparative findings that should help refine such analyses.

Electron Microscopy of the Shape of Small Metal Particles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 300-301
Author(s):  
M. Jose Yacaman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Metal Particle ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Size Range ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Metal Particles ◽  
Bragg Condition ◽  
Crystal Particle ◽  
Small Metal Particle ◽  
Small Metal Particles

In the Study of small metal particles the shape is a very Important parameter. Using electron microscopy Ino and Owaga(l) have studied the shape of twinned particles of gold. In that work electron diffraction and contrast (dark field) experiments were used to produce models of a crystal particle. In this work we report a method which can give direct information about the shape of an small metal particle in the amstrong- size range with high resolution. The diffraction pattern of a sample containing small metal particles contains in general several systematic and non- systematic reflections and a two-beam condition can not be used in practice. However a N-beam condition produces a reduced extinction distance. On the other hand if a beam is out of the bragg condition the effective extinction distance is even more reduced.

Psychosocial Risks and Management for Children and Adolescents With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 633-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Canice E. Crerand ◽  
Ari N. Rabkin
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Early Adulthood ◽  
22Q11.2 Deletion Syndrome ◽  
Deletion Syndrome ◽  
22Q11.2 Deletion ◽  
Psychosocial Risks ◽  
Empirically Supported ◽  
Specific Education

Purpose This article reviews the psychosocial risks associated with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, a relatively common genetic condition associated with a range of physical and psychiatric problems. Risks associated with developmental stages from infancy through adolescence and early adulthood are described, including developmental, learning, and intellectual disabilities as well as psychiatric disorders including anxiety, mood, and psychotic disorders. Other risks related to coping with health problems and related treatments are also detailed for both affected individuals and their families. Conclusion The article ends with strategies for addressing psychosocial risks including provision of condition-specific education, enhancement of social support, routine assessment of cognitive abilities, regular mental health screening, and referrals for empirically supported psychiatric and psychological treatments.

A Case Study: Unique Challenges of an Adolescent Female With Autism Spectrum Disorder

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 314-325
Author(s):  
Kimberly F. Frazier ◽  
Jessica Collier ◽  
Rachel Glade
Keyword(s):  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Social Performance ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Adolescent Female ◽  
Social Thinking

Background The aim of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy of combining self-management strategies and a social thinking approach to address the social performance and executive function of an adolescent female with autism spectrum disorder. Method This research examined the effects of a social knowledge training program, “Think Social,” as well as strategies to improve higher order cognitive abilities. Results and Conclusion Although quantitative improvement was not found, several qualitative gains in behavior were noted for the participants of this study, suggesting a benefit from using structured environmental cues of self-management strategies, as well as improved social understanding through social cognitive training.

Clinical Decision-Making for Stroke and Aphasia in the Older Adult

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cerebrovascular Disease ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Clinical Decision Making ◽  
Clinical Decision ◽  
Cognitive Profile ◽  
Focal Lesion ◽  
Cognitive Profiles ◽  
Supportive Communication ◽  
Spaced Retrieval

Abstract A patient with aphasia that is uncomplicated by other cognitive abilities will usually show a primary impairment of language. The frequency of additional cognitive impairments associated with cerebrovascular disease, multiple (silent or diagnosed) infarcts, or dementia increases with age and can complicate a single focal lesion that produces aphasia. The typical cognitive profiles of vascular dementia or dementia due to cerebrovascular disease may differ from the cognitive profile of patients with Alzheimer's dementia. In order to complete effective treatment selection, clinicians must know the cognitive profile of the patient and choose treatments accordingly. When attention, memory, and executive function are relatively preserved, strategy-based and conversation-based interventions provide the best choices to target personally relevant communication abilities. Examples of treatments in this category include PACE and Response Elaboration Training. When patients with aphasia have co-occurring episodic memory or executive function impairments, treatments that rely less on these abilities should be selected. Examples of treatments that fit these selection criteria include spaced retrieval and errorless learning. Finally, training caregivers in the use of supportive communication strategies is helpful to patients with aphasia, with or without additional cognitive complications.

The Developing Relationship Among Cognition, Amplification, and Aural Rehabilitation

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey J. DiGiovanni ◽  
Travis L. Riffle
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Hearing Aid ◽  
Hearing Aid Fitting ◽  
Aural Rehabilitation ◽  
Basic Concepts ◽  
And Function

The search for best practices in hearing aid fittings and aural rehabilitation has generally used the audiogram and function stemming from peripheral sensitivity. In recent years, however, we have learned that individuals respond differently to various hearing aid and aural rehabilitation techniques based on cognitive abilities. In this paper, we review basic concepts of working memory and the literature driving our knowledge in newer concepts of hearing aid fitting and aural rehabilitation.

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