The relationship between locomotor behavior and limb morphology in brown (Cebus apella) and weeper (Cebus olivaceus) capuchins

2007 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 736-756 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin A. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Cebus Apella ◽  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
Cebus Olivaceus ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Limb Morphology

scholarly journals Capuchin (Sapajus [Cebus] apella) Change Detection

2019 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse G. Leinwand ◽  
Sarah F. Brosnan
Keyword(s):  
New World ◽  
Animal Species ◽  
Change Blindness ◽  
World Monkey ◽  
Visual Fields ◽  
Cebus Apella ◽  
Search Display ◽  
Feature Location ◽  
Two Parameters ◽  
The Relationship

Change blindness is a phenomenon in which individuals fail to detect seemingly obvious changes in their visual fields. Like humans, several animal species have also been shown to exhibit change blindness; however, no species of New World monkey has been tested to date. Nine capuchins (Sapajus [Cebus] apella) were trained to select whether or not a stimulus changed on a computerized task. In four phases of testing, consisting of full image changes, subtle occlusion changes, and two levels of feature location changes, the search display and mask durations were systematically varied to determine whether capuchins experienced change blindness and in what contexts. Only the full image change test yielded significant results, with subjects detecting changes most accurately with longer search displays and, perplexingly, least accurately when there was no mask. No interactions between search display and mask durations were found in any test phase, suggesting that the relationship between the two parameters may not be important to how capuchins perceive changes. While it is possible that capuchins do not experience change blindness, we suspect that a mix of experimental design, the difficulty of the task, and the inability to verify how closely the subjects attended to each trial contributed to the lack of significant results

Understanding of the relationship between seeing and knowing by tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)

2001 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hika Kuroshima ◽  
Kazuo Fujita ◽  
Akira Fuyuki ◽  
Tsuyuka Masuda
Keyword(s):  
Cebus Apella ◽  
Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
Tufted Capuchin Monkeys ◽  
The Relationship

Ketamine disrupts theta synchrony across the septotemporal axis of the CA1 region of hippocampus

2013 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 570-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Hinman ◽  
Stephanie C. Penley ◽  
Monty A. Escabí ◽  
James J. Chrobak
Keyword(s):  
Hippocampal Neurons ◽  
Nmda Antagonist ◽  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Low Doses ◽  
Theta Power ◽  
Ca1 Region ◽  
Hippocampal Theta ◽  
The Relationship

The hippocampal theta signal reflects moment-to-moment variation in the synchrony of synaptic input to hippocampal neurons. Consistent with the topography of hippocampal afferents, the synchrony (coherence) of the theta signal varies across the septotemporal axis. Septotemporal variation in the theta signal can also be observed in relation to ongoing and past experience. Thus there is a systematic decrease in the relationship between locomotor speed and theta power across the septotemporal axis, septal hippocampus exhibiting the strongest relationship. Conversely, theta in temporal hippocampus decrements over repeated behavioral experience (running episodes), while theta in the septal hippocampus does not. Ketamine is an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist that can decrease theta power. The present study examined whether ketamine treatment could alter theta coherence across the long axis independent of changes in locomotor behavior. Rats were well trained to navigate a linear runway and outfitted with electrodes at different septotemporal positions within CA1. Locomotor behavior and theta coherence and power were examined after administration of 2.5 and 10 mg/kg ketamine. Ketamine (2.5 mg/kg) decreased theta coherence between distant CA1 electrode sites without altering running speed or theta power. Both doses of ketamine also blunted and reversed the decrement in theta power observed at midseptotemporal and temporal electrodes over repeated run sessions. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of global network synchronization to relatively low doses of ketamine and septotemporal differences in the influence of ketamine on hippocampal dynamics in relation to past experience.

scholarly journals Architectural properties of the musculoskeletal system in the shoulder of two callitrichid primate species derived from virtual dissection

Primates ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lennart Eigen ◽  
John A. Nyakatura
Keyword(s):  
Locomotor Behavior ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
New World Primates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Moment Arms ◽  
Shoulder Muscles ◽  
Contrast Enhanced ◽  
Locomotor Behaviors ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractCallitrichidae are small, arboreal New World primates that utilize a variety of locomotor behaviors including trunk-to-trunk leaping (TTL) and horizontal locomotion which involve differential functional demands. Little is known about the relationship between the preferred locomotor behavior and musculoskeletal architecture of these primates. In this study, we compared the musculoskeletal architecture of selected shoulder muscles in two cadavers each of the trunk-to-trunk leaper Cebuella pygmaea and the mainly pronograde quadrupedally moving Saguinus imperator subgrisescens. Contrast-enhanced microfocus computed tomography (µCT) was used to virtually dissect the cadavers, produce muscle maps, and create 3D reconstructions for an image-based analysis of the muscles. Muscle lengths, muscle volumes, and osteological muscle moment arms were measured, and the anatomical cross-sectional areas (ACSA) were calculated. We expected the muscles of the forelimb of S. imperator to be larger in volume and to be relatively shorter with a larger ACSA due to a higher demand for powerful extension in the forelimbs of this horizontally locomoting species. For C. pygmaea, we expected relatively larger moment arms for the triceps brachii, supraspinatus, infraspinatus and subscapularis, as larger moment arms present an advantage for extensive vertical clinging on the trunk. The muscles of S. imperator were relatively larger in volume than in C. pygmaea and had a relatively larger ACSA. Thus, the shoulder muscles of S. imperator were suited to generate relatively larger forces than those of C. pygmaea. Contrary to our expectations, there were only slight differences between species in regard to muscle lengths and moment arms, which suggests that these properties are not dependent on the preferred locomotor mode. The study of this limited dataset demonstrates that some but not all properties of the musculoskeletal architecture reflect the preferred locomotor behavior in the two species of Callitrichidae examined.

Interstellar gas in the central region of the Galaxy

1967 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 239-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Kerr
Keyword(s):  
Central Region ◽  
Galactic Plane ◽  
Neutral Hydrogen ◽  
Continuum Emission ◽  
Galactic Centre ◽  
Interstellar Gas ◽  
Hydrogen Recombination ◽  
The Galaxy ◽  
Centre Region ◽  
The Relationship

A review is given of information on the galactic-centre region obtained from recent observations of the 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen, the 18-cm group of OH lines, a hydrogen recombination line at 6 cm wavelength, and the continuum emission from ionized hydrogen.Both inward and outward motions are important in this region, in addition to rotation. Several types of observation indicate the presence of material in features inclined to the galactic plane. The relationship between the H and OH concentrations is not yet clear, but a rough picture of the central region can be proposed.

The relationship of the scleractinian corals to the rugose corals

Paleobiology ◽  
1980 ◽  
Vol 6 (02) ◽  
pp. 146-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Oliver
Keyword(s):  
Critical Points ◽  
Scleractinian Corals ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Early Triassic ◽  
Rugose Corals ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Biologic Factors

The Mesozoic-Cenozoic coral Order Scleractinia has been suggested to have originated or evolved (1) by direct descent from the Paleozoic Order Rugosa or (2) by the development of a skeleton in members of one of the anemone groups that probably have existed throughout Phanerozoic time. In spite of much work on the subject, advocates of the direct descent hypothesis have failed to find convincing evidence of this relationship. Critical points are:(1) Rugosan septal insertion is serial; Scleractinian insertion is cyclic; no intermediate stages have been demonstrated. Apparent intermediates are Scleractinia having bilateral cyclic insertion or teratological Rugosa.(2) There is convincing evidence that the skeletons of many Rugosa were calcitic and none are known to be or to have been aragonitic. In contrast, the skeletons of all living Scleractinia are aragonitic and there is evidence that fossil Scleractinia were aragonitic also. The mineralogic difference is almost certainly due to intrinsic biologic factors.(3) No early Triassic corals of either group are known. This fact is not compelling (by itself) but is important in connection with points 1 and 2, because, given direct descent, both changes took place during this only stage in the history of the two groups in which there are no known corals.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

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